Deck 3: Relativism, Rationalism, Empiricism, and Paradigm Shifts

Question 1

Hacking (1999) notes that one of the main sticking points in the war between science and constructionism is:

A) inevitability
B) contingency
C) acceptability
D) none of the above

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to the text, ____________ rather than _________ is arguably the correct antonym to absolutism.

A) contingency, relativism
B) inevitability, acceptability
C) realism, relativism
D) relativism, realism

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to the text, when _________ is applied to science, it falls apart.

A) relativism
B) contingency
C) empiricism
D) rationalism

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The credo of science itself is to question everything and believe nothing until proven beyond a/an ________doubt.

A) shadow of a
B) unreasonable
C) reasonable
D) testable

Question 5

Rationalism and empiricism are rival epistemologies, both of which stand against radical ________to claim that we can obtain objective truths.

A) realism
B) relativism
C) compatabilism
D) inevitablism

Question 6

The primary tool for empiricism is:

A) logic
B) examination
C) sense experience
D) repeatable tests

Question 7

___________idealize mathematics as the only true paradigm of truth because mathematical thinking is analytic.

A) Empiricists
B) Rationalists
C) Scientists
D) Complementists

Question 8

Francis Bacon was the first to radically depart from the methods of ________ and to stoutly defend the alternative.

A) empirical
B) realism
C) relativism
D) none of the above

Question 9

Which of Bacon's (1620) four idols represents the errors to faulty learning and selective perception-the ideological goggles that let us only see certain things?

A) Idols of the Tribe
B) Idols of the Cave
C) Idols of the Market Place
D) Idols of the Theatre

Question 10

Which of Bacon's (1620) four idols are due to the ambiguities of language-words and concepts meaning different things in different contexts-and thus confuse our understanding of nature?

A) Idols of the Tribe
B) Idols of the Cave
C) Idols of the Market Place
D) Idols of the Theatre

Question 11

Kuhn (1970) wrote that ____________ is conducted within a paradigm, which is a set of fundamental theories, assumptions, concepts, values, and practices shared by a scientific discipline that guide its view of reality.

A) experimental science
B) psychological science
C) social science
D) normal science

Question 12

Shared environments (everything siblings shared such as parents, social class, religion, neighborhood, etc.) account for almost _____ variance in almost all cognitive and personality traits in adulthood.

A) all
B) no
C) half
D) three-fourths

Question 13

The idea that there are no absolute standards for deciding among conflicting beliefs of right and wrong, and all cultural value systems are equally valid limits discussion of issues of morality and truth.

Question 14

Thomas Kuhn's book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970) supported radical positions about the instability, relativity, and subjectivity of science.

Question 15

A meta-analysis of the MAOA-maltreatment literature concluded that the interaction between MAOA and maltreatment is not a significant predictor of antisocial behavior.