Deck 15: Punishment: Justifications and its Role in the Evolution of Justice

Question 1

Which of the following is the application of painful stimuli in response to some norm violation committed by the person receiving the painful stimuli?

A) justice
B) torture
C) punishment
D) retribution

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Traditional justifications of punishment include:

A) deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation-reintegration, and retribution
B) specific deterrence, general deterrence, rehabilitation, and restorative justice
C) restorative justice, rehabilitation, reintegration, and retribution
D) consequentialism, deterrence, restorative justice, and retribution

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Consequentialism:

A) views punishment as a means to an end
B) maintains that punishment is justified by the consequences assumed to come from it
C) justifies punishment based on its intrinsic moral worth, regardless of any benefits that may flow from its application
D) a and b only

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Specific deterrence:

A) is the effect of the imposed punishment on the future behavior of the person punished
B) is the effect of punishment on those who have witnessed it but have not personally experienced it
C) justifies punishment based on its intrinsic moral worth
D) emphasizes defending society from criminal predation

Question 5

Incapacitation:

A) maintains that the purpose of punishment is to deter criminals from future offending
B) maintains that the purpose of punishment is to defend society from criminal predation
C) emphasizes punishing those who are blameworthy and culpable
D) is considered to be "forward-looking" by focusing on the future behavior of criminals

Question 6

Kant maintained that human beings are differentiated from other animals in that they are commanded by:

A) reason
B) justice
C) revenge
D) desire

Question 7

Which of the following is a principle stating that a moral act is objectively necessary "in itself" regardless of any further end?

A) consequentialism
B) non-consequentialism
C) maxim
D) categorical imperative

Question 8

Contrary to Kant, Michael Zimmerman considers retribution to be:

A) moral
B) immoral
C) relative
D) universal

Question 9

According to research presented in the text, criminal behavior and number of sexual partners were ___________ related.

A) positively
B) negatively
C) not
D) inconclusively

Question 10

Which of the following is suggested to be the basis for detecting cheats?

A) reason
B) logic
C) emotion
D) revenge

Question 11

First-party punishment involves:

A) benefiting oneself by punishing wrongdoers on the behalf of others
B) punishing those who have harmed us ourselves
C) individuals not directly harmed and who will not directly benefit from their punitive actions
D) all the above

Question 12

Punishment in modern societies is characterized by:

A) first-party punishers
B) second-party punishers
C) third-party punishers
D) fourth-party punishers

Question 13

Emile Durkheim saw crime and punishment as central to social life and viewed deviance as being necessary for social solidarity.

Question 14

According to Durkheim, repressive justice offers a balance between helping to calm moral outrage on one hand, and exciting the emotions of empathy and sympathy on the other.

Question 15

According to the text, forgiveness tit-for-tat can be useful for the purpose of reconciliation and reintegration into the community.