Deck 6: Gender

Question 1

By the age of 3 or 4 years children prefer:

A) Both-sex friends and gender-appropriate toys
B) Same-sex friends and gender-appropriate toys
C) Both-sex friends and all toys
D) Same-sex friends and all toys
E) Any friends and all toys

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Maccoby and Jacklin's (1974) research suggests that verbal ability is:

A) Good in both boys and girls
B) Greater in boys than girls
C) Greater in girls than boys
D) Poor in both boys and girls
E) None of these

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Examination statistics show that girls do better academically than boys, and psychological research finds that:

A) Boys are better at reasoning
B) Girls have higher IQs
C) Boys have higher IQs
D) Girls are better at reasoning
E) Both sexes are equally able

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Kohlberg suggests that children develop:

A) Same-sex behaviour before a sense of gender identity
B) A sense of gender identity at the same time as same-sex behaviour
C) A sense of gender identity after imitating same-sex behaviour
D) A sense of gender identity and then imitate same-sex behaviour
E) Same-sex behaviour without a sense of gender identity

Question 5

Gender schema theory challenges Kohlberg by suggesting that:

A) Gender schema emerge before gender consistency
B) Gender schema and gender consistency appear at the same time
C) Gender consistency emerges before gender schema
D) Gender schema emerge after gender consistency
E) Gender consistency is not affected by gender schema

Question 6

Cognitive gender development theories' weaknesses include:

A) Under-emphasising the importance of social factors
B) Over-emphasising the individual child
C) Not explaining why gender role behaviour is weaker in girls than boys
D) All of these
E) None of these

Question 7

Psychological androgyny means:

A) Having both masculine and feminine qualities
B) Having strongly masculine qualities
C) Having strongly feminine qualities
D) Having android qualities
E) Having no gender-linked qualities

Question 8

The Bem's sex role inventory (BSRI) research has lower external/ecological validity because participants were:

A) None of these
B) Students
C) A discreet age-group
D) A discreet intelligence group
E) All of these

Question 9

Bem suggests that people cope better with life's challenges if they have:

A) A balance of masculine and feminine characteristics
B) More masculine than feminine characteristics
C) More feminine than masculine characteristics
D) Only masculine characteristics
E) Only feminine characteristics

Question 10

Androgynous young people are:

A) All of these
B) Higher in self-esteem
C) More popular with their peers
D) Better adjusted than their peers
E) More flexible in their approach to situations

Question 11

Possible causes of gender dysphoria include:

A) Maladaptive family conditions
B) Unusual brain development
C) Abnormal prenatal exposure to hormones
D) Parental mental health problems
E) All of these

Question 12

Normal differentiation between the sexes in the foetus depends on:

A) Presence or absence of male hormones
B) Presence of female and absence of male hormones
C) Presence of male and female hormones
D) None of these
E) Presence or absence of female hormones

Question 13

Biological factors such as sex chromosomes and hormones are challenged as full explanations for the development of gender roles by:

A) Gender role changes within a culture across time
B) None of these
C) Self-fulfilling prophesies about expected behaviour
D) Cross-cultural gender differences
E) All of these

Question 14

Evolutionary theory's explanation of gender role differences when choosing a mate is challenged by:

A) The use of hindsight to support the theory
B) Important similarities between the sexes in Western cultures
C) Differences between collectivist and individualist cultures
D) The lack of empirical evidence for the theory
E) All of these

Question 15

Learning theory suggests that gender roles are learnt through:

A) Classical conditioning and social learning
B) Classical and operant conditioning alone
C) Social learning alone
D) Classical and operant conditioning and social learning
E) Reward and punishment

Question 16

Stereotypic gender-role behaviour is reinforced by:

A) All of these
B) Older same-sex siblings
C) Parents
D) Socialisation in school
E) Peer group expectation and pressure

Question 17

Gender role stereotyping has been reinforced by the media, such as:

A) Books, television, and films but not magazines
B) Magazines, television, and films but not books
C) Books, magazines, television, and films
D) Books, magazines, television but not films
E) None of these

Question 18

Durkin (2007) challenges the concept that the media shapes gender roles because:

A) Modern books and television are less gender stereotyped
B) Not everyone has access to the media
C) Gender stereotypes affect behaviour and even memory
D) Gender stereotyping is irrelevant
E) Other influences are more powerful

Question 19

More recent cross-cultural research into gender roles suggests that gender role behaviours are the result of:

A) Complex interactions between social and cultural factors
B) Complex interactions between biological and social/cultural factors
C) Complex biological factors
D) Complex interactions between genetic and hormonal factors
E) Social learning on its own