Deck 26: The Changing State: Political Developments in the Nineteenth Century

Question 1

In reaction to the creation of the Italian state,the Catholic Church under Pope Leo XIII

A) defied the new government and led an immediate rebellion.
B) became a privileged critic of the abuses of secular power.
C) retreated into the Vatican and refused to have any part in politics.
D) was made the official state religion of Italy.

Answer 1

became a privileged critic of the abuses of secular power.

Question 2

In Japan,a constitution was adopted in which the upper house of the legislature was modeled on

A) the United States Senate.
B) the Russian Duma.
C) the German Reichstag.
D) the British House of Lords.

Answer 2

the British House of Lords.

Question 3

Liberia was founded as

A) a place for freed slaves from the United States.
B) a nation in Africa for the former slaves of the Americas.
C) a colony founded by Great Britain for freed slaves.
D) an independent nation in the Caribbean where freed slaves would create a Western-style government.

Answer 3

a nation in Africa for the former slaves of the Americas.

Question 4

The country made up of Catalans,Basques,and Galicians among others is

A) Austria.
B) Britain.
C) Netherlands.
D) Spain.

Question 5

The early Filipino nationalist José Rizal

A) dressed in the style of a common Filipino peasant.
B) argued strongly against Western civilization as an oppressive element in Filipino life.
C) formed an early Filipino nationalist cell in Manila.
D) crammed his writings with allusions to classical and Spanish literature.

Question 6

Most governments throughout Europe relaxed official legal and financial disabilities against Jewish persons during the nineteenth century EXCEPT

A) Britain and France.
B) Germany and Portugal.
C) Italy and Serbia.
D) Spain and Russia.

Question 7

Constitutionalism is best defined as

A) the creation of a specific document or constitution.
B) a document that outlines democratic principles.
C) a doctrine that the state is founded on rules that rulers and citizens make and are bound by.
D) a set of beliefs that guarantees equal rights to all the citizens of a state.

Question 8

During the period of "restoration" that followed the problems of the 1860s,China followed a path of

A) decentralization with the sale of government offices.
B) increased centralization with an emphasis on the traditional examination system.
C) democratic reforms.
D) centralization and militarization to combat the growing powers in the West.

Question 9

In countries that militarized large portions of the population and developed large and powerful armed forces,the armies often became

A) deeply conservative and opposed to change.
B) revolutionary and overthrew the existing political regimes.
C) a vehicle that led most often to civil war.
D) agents of independence and modernization.

Question 10

The process of Magyarization describes

A) the removal of Scottish highlanders from their ancestral lands.
B) a drive to suppress historical languages and cultures in Hungary.
C) attempts to convert the Irish from Catholicism.
D) work by the Russian government to force ethnic minorities to speak Russian.

Question 11

According to Japan's constitution,the ruler governs

A) because he is the descendant of a god.
B) with the consent of a representative assembly.
C) because he is the head of the military.
D) as one who is above politics.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by the governments of the United States,Germany,Italy,and Japan between 1860 and 1900?

A) They had all experienced wars that led to a stronger central state.
B) In each country, industrialized regions overcame more rural areas.
C) By the end of the century each nation emerged as a major international power with a significant industry, an efficient military, and colonial ambitions.
D) Each country actively promoted citizenship, voting and democratic practices to ensure rapid growth of the state.

Question 13

The Kingdom of Thailand was similar to Ethiopia in that both countries

A) avoided conquest by European colonial powers.
B) adopted a constitution that allowed new rights for women and religious tolerance.
C) rejected traditional cultural values and accepted Western ways as better and more modern.
D) represented their reform movements as triumphs of Buddhist morality.

Question 14

Two countries that successfully staved off constitutional movements within their borders during the nineteenth century were

A) Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
B) Habsburg Empire and Britain.
C) Germany and Italy.
D) France and China.

Question 15

People throughout many nineteenth-century European countries remained deeply anti-Semitic.One historical reaction to this fact was for

A) the majority of Jewish persons to want to establish a homeland away from Europe.
B) most Jewish persons to withdraw from society at large and remain as inconspicuous as possible.
C) many Jewish persons in Germany and France to become ardent nationalists.
D) people in reform synagogues to take out organ music and singing from their services and introduce more conservative practices.

Question 16

The militarization programs that the Ottoman and Japanese had in common

A) led to further reforms that helped both countries become more democratic.
B) wiped out the traditional military elites.
C) brought the militaries of both countries under civilian control.
D) destroyed local and tribal authorities throughout both empires.

Question 17

In Japan,Shinto was made into a state religion largely because

A) it reflected the role that religion traditionally had played in the state.
B) it made it possible for the state to control doctrine and enforce its own conception of Shinto.
C) Japanese intellectuals thought state control of religion was a strength of Western powers.
D) the Japanese priesthood wanted to be a part of the state.

Question 18

Under Emperor Menelik,the state of Ethiopia underwent a program of reforms that included

A) a constitution and democratically-elected assembly that was supported by a modern military.
B) centralization of the government and direct control over provincial areas by a modernized military.
C) a modernization of the military and the introduction of many new Western technologies.
D) greater religious toleration and new weapons for the army.

Question 19

A common factor in the civil wars that broke out in Italy and Germany was that they were fought between states

A) along religious lines.
B) that were more industrialized against those that were less industrialized.
C) that were divided by language and culture.
D) that disagreed about whether they should be monarchies or republics.

Question 20

Immediately following the Napoleonic Wars,most European states

A) outlawed or restricted constitutional reforms.
B) broadened constitutional guarantees to enfranchise as many people as possible.
C) became republics that overthrew their monarchies and established constitutional states.
D) passed moderate constitutional reforms that permitted a limited franchise of propertied land owners.

Question 21

How did nationalism play a role in the creation of new states in Europe and outside of the Europe during the nineteenth century?

Question 22

What effect did nationalism have on the Jewish populations in European countries during this period?

Question 23

The role of Ghost Dancers among Native American peoples was as

A) a band of warriors who attacked directly American cavalry and settlers.
B) a rebellious group whose leader believed he was the brother of Jesus.
C) a group of reactionaries led by a woman who claimed to be a divine incarnation and preached equality and the solidarity of all native peoples.
D) a traditional ritual used during the nineteenth century to invoke divine help.

Question 24

The term "propaganda of the deed" coined by Johann Most referred specifically to

A) bombings.
B) fighting against the state.
C) murder.
D) political demonstrations.

Question 25

The political theorist Étienne Cabet established a town called Icaria in Texas where

A) residents all owned properties of the same size.
B) people were to live freely according to their own wants and needs.
C) the working class residents had more political rights than the wealthy.
D) anger and lust were outlawed.

Question 26

Bentham's student John Stuart Mill argued that

A) the utilitarian argument was essentially correct but irrelevant.
B) the rights of the individual should always be greater than the group.
C) that individuals owed society a return for the benefits they enjoyed from living within their states.
D) only strong individuals could solve society's problems.

Question 27

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution threatened the role of religion because it

A) argued that conduct could be based on ethical values apart from a belief in God.
B) proved the Bible was wrong.
C) suggested that God was not the motor of change.
D) was widely accepted by most people in the nineteenth century.

Question 28

One area of life that increased militarization did NOT boost was

A) education.
B) industrialization.
C) bureaucratization.
D) religion.

Question 29

A significant difference between secularists in the United States and those in Europe was

A) European secularists wanted to increase state power at the expense of the Church, but in the United States, freedom of religion was the greater concern.
B) European secularists were concerned first with freedom of religion, but in the United States government power mattered most.
C) European secularists were primarily concerned with creating state religions, while in the United States, government and religion were made completely separate.
D) European secularists wanted to abolish religion altogether, while the United States government held that religion had a place in the state.

Question 30

Because of the creation of a republic in the United States,the first half of the nineteenth century was a period of

A) revolutionary change in most European states.
B) democratic reforms by European governments.
C) retreat from democratic reforms by European governments.
D) militarism and totalitarianism in Europe.

Question 31

In Germany,a program of social welfare was created in part with the purpose of

A) undercutting the appeal of socialism.
B) creating greater support for a constitutional monarchy.
C) promoting democracy.
D) supporting the Catholic Church.

Question 32

The revolt by the Mahdi that lasted from 1881 to 1898 was an excellent example of

A) the continuing vitality of Islam as a source of political inspiration.
B) the use of Islam for rebellion in India against the British.
C) an example of the Christian messianic tradition as used by an Ethiopian emperor to galvanize his people against the West.
D) a new type of messianic figure whose movement combined Christian and Islamic teachings and nearly toppled the Qing dynasty.

Question 33

What is nationalism? Is a "nation" a real thing? Why did it arise in nineteenth century Europe?

Question 34

In his book Democracy in America,Alexis de Tocqueville noted that in the United States

A) most of the population had guaranteed rights and the vote.
B) government was efficient and relatively cheap.
C) a democracy had formed that was like the one advancing toward power in Europe.
D) individualism outweighed conformity with the larger society.

Question 35

What role did constitutionalism play in existing states in Europe? How did these states cope with demands for constitutions?

Question 36

How did the development of centralized bureaucracies and modern militaries affect industrialized states and non-industrialized states?

Question 37

What is constitutionalism? How does it compare and contrast with nationalism as a political philosophy?

Question 38

What role did constitutionalism play in new states? How did this compare with constitutional movements in existing European states?

Question 39

All of the following describe the development of the public sphere during the nineteenth century EXCEPT:

A) education was crucial in widening the public sphere.
B) the illiterate were largely kept out of the public sphere.
C) it was widest and most developed in North America and parts of Europe.
D) it expanded in Japan and China.

Question 40

For the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham,governmental institutions should be evaluated on the basis of

A) their success in providing the greatest good to the greatest number of people.
B) their ability to provide services at the lowest cost.
C) their concern for the rights of the individual over social utility.
D) their creation of the least intrusion into citizens' lives.

Question 41

How did the philosophy of utilitarianism develop into a guiding principle for government?

Question 42

What effect did religion have on political and military movements of resistance against the imperial countries?

Question 43

Compare the role of women and attitudes about feminism in Egypt and the United States prior to 1914.To what extent did advocates of women's rights share common critiques and approaches in these two countries? How did they differ?

Question 44

Write an essay that outlines and compares common features that contributed to nationalism in Japan,Germany and the United States.Explain how these similar factors could be accompanied by such extreme differences in state formation and national direction in the early twentieth century.

Question 45

How did ideals of democracy and socialism fit with the effects of centralization and militarization? With nationalism?
In Perspective

Question 46

What impact did ideals like democracy and socialism have on developing political movements and states?

Question 47

How did the increasingly centralized bureaucracies affect traditional religious establishments in many states?

Question 48

How did religion mesh with nationalism to inform political movements in different countries?

Question 49

What were the new,major competing political and social theories that arose during the nineteenth century?

Question 50

How did governments adapt and adopt new ideas of constitutionalism,nationalism,and bureaucratization during the nineteenth century? Provide at least one Western and one non-Western example.

Question 51

How did democracy become more widespread in the nineteenth century? What does the term "public sphere" mean? Why did forms of political radicalism emerge in the nineteenth century?

Question 52

How do the effects of centralized bureaucracies and modern militaries fit with the ideas of nationalism and constitutionalism?