Deck 21: The Age of Global Interaction: Expansion and Intersection of Eighteenth-Century Empires

Question 1

Given that forced labor is inefficient and hard to manage,why was it widely used in the colonial Americas?

A) a variety of forms of forced labor was common practice.
B) owners believed that black Africans were supposed to be slaves.
C) slaves were cheaper than free labor.
D) new management techniques were developed that made running plantations more efficient.

Answer 1

a variety of forms of forced labor was common practice.

Question 2

By the end of the eighteenth century,the Qianlong emperor of China had an annual surplus income that was probably more than twice that of the Mughal emperors at their height.That surplus was achieved by

A) high taxes.
B) good government.
C) increased production.
D) increasing expansion.

Answer 2

increased production.

Question 3

In the early eighteenth century,many of the Mughal emperor's longtime supporters became upset because the Emperor

A) granted privileges to elites in recently conquered lands.
B) took away many of their ancestral privileges.
C) ignored the rising merchant class in the development of the empire.
D) shifted the tax burden more to the elites and away from the peasants in order to prevent uprisings.

Answer 3

granted privileges to elites in recently conquered lands.

Question 4

Why was it seen as "repugnant and loathsome" for a black woman to marry a white man in 1764 in the colony of Surinam?

A) because the woman was wealthy and the man poor
B) because all sexual relations between the races were illegal
C) because sexual relations were permissible only if the woman were a slave
D) because the woman and the man were divorced

Question 5

Tipu Sultan,the ruler of Mysore,opposed the British in India by

A) allying himself with the Mughal emperors and many other Indian states.
B) becoming a Hindu in order to gain the support of as many Indians as possible.
C) relying entirely on Dutch and French military support.
D) looking to the Ottomans for legitimacy and the French for military assistance.

Question 6

In the African kingdom of Luanda,

A) slavery only amounted to about 5 percent of the economy.
B) conflict with European colonists was a continuing problem.
C) the export of slaves was important, but farming was done mostly by free peasants.
D) a network of women exercised real power.

Question 7

The country that came to be called conventionally the "sick man of Europe" in the eighteenth century was

A) the Ottoman Empire.
B) the Austrian Empire.
C) the Russian Empire.
D) the Persian Empire.

Question 8

The development of an empire by the Fulani in the African Sahel represented

A) an expansion of the Christian faith into Central Africa.
B) the creation of a new urban-based system of trade in Africa.
C) the rise of the world's last great pastoral empire.
D) an empire that connected the southern interior of Africa with its eastern coast.

Question 9

One of key reasons that the Safavid shahs were unable to regain their position after 1722 was because they

A) privileged Sunni Islam.
B) had bought weapons from the Christian West.
C) had been unable to increase the population of Persia.
D) were accused of impiety.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the state of the Mughal Empire at the end of the reign of the Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707?

A) The empire was divided because the emperor was attempting to take control of the Muslim clergy by calling himself the heir of Ali.
B) The emperor had expanded the empire northward with tremendous energy.
C) The emperor had imposed a fiercely Muslim ideology that alienated many Hindu and Sikhs.
D) The new emperor sought to expand the empire even further by decreeing an even higher degree of religious tolerance within the empire.

Question 11

In what Southeast Asian country did the Chinese purchase most of the principal offices of state and hold the position of the royal favorite of the king?

A) Cambodia
B) Laos
C) Thailand
D) Vietnam

Question 12

As a result of their military successes,by 1782 the British East India Company had gained

A) control over all European trade in India.
B) an army of over 115,000 men.
C) the overlordship of most of the states in the Mughal Empire.
D) enough confidence to hand over military and political affairs to the British government and to return to "trade, not war."

Question 13

The long term significance of the military expedition under the command of Robert Clive in 1756-1757 was

A) the taking of Calcutta from the control of Holland and its allies.
B) the defeat of the Nawab and the takeover of Goa from Portugal.
C) the conquest of a French/Indian force at Madras and the taking of that port for Britain.
D) the defeat of French arms and the seizure of Bengal.

Question 14

The policy of encouraging emigration carried out by the Qing dynasty had the effect of

A) raising taxes on the migrants to pay for new lands and start up money.
B) spreading Chinese culture and civilization further than ever before.
C) displacing all the Mongol peoples who were forcibly removed from their traditional lands.
D) cleaning out the jails because only convicts were sent out to the new colonies.

Question 15

One of the main reasons that the Sioux were able to develop control over a substantial area in North America was that

A) many other tribes, such as the Cheyenne and Crow, joined them.
B) they received assistance from the British government.
C) they built cities and developed a superior network of trade.
D) smallpox epidemics helped in their conquests.

Question 16

During the eighteenth century,the largest number of slaves was shipped to

A) British North America.
B) the Caribbean.
C) Brazil.
D) Spanish South America.

Question 17

One of the most effective forms of resistance that slaves employed against their masters was

A) to earn money to gain their freedom.
B) to openly rebel.
C) to not have children.
D) to work slowly.

Question 18

What was the reaction of the Chinese government to the periodic massacres of immigrants in Spanish Manila and Dutch Batavia?

A) China did not care.
B) The Chinese retaliated by cutting off shipping to and from those ports.
C) China sent military forces to protect its people from such massacres.
D) China attacked Manila and Batavia and incorporated them into their imperial system.

Question 19

During the eighteenth century,native peoples of the pampa in modern Argentina

A) lived in small villages and were primarily farmers.
B) developed a powerful, independent state.
C) were left independent by Spain because their land was so poor.
D) were dependent on Spain for trade and for protection against their neighbors.

Question 20

The crop that made the Dutch empire in the East Indies profitable was

A) coffee.
B) spices.
C) sugar.
D) tobacco.

Question 21

How did the slave trade affect Africans and the African states,especially those in West Africa?

Question 22

What were the reasons for China's expansion and then decline as an economic power during the eighteenth century?

Question 23

Compare and contrast the roles of native populations in the growth of British and Dutch power in India and the East Indies.

Question 24

At the end of the Seven Years' War,France gave its North American territories to

A) Britain.
B) the Netherlands.
C) Spain.
D) the United States.

Question 25

The term "Creole mentality" refers to

A) people who saw the colonies as existing only for the exploitation of the mother country.
B) a state of mind that saw imperialism as bad.
C) colonists who identified more strongly with their new homes than with their countries of origin.
D) a belief that slavery was wrong and should be abolished.

Question 26

By what means was the British East India Company able to gain control over territories in India?

Question 27

What two events caused the Spanish to turn away from the possible measures of reform suggested by the survey of Alessandro Malaspina?

A) the Seven Years' War and Revolution in Haiti
B) the American and French Revolutions
C) the Napoleonic Wars and American Revolution
D) the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars

Question 28

What pressures did European and Arab traders and raiders create for Africa?

Question 29

In San Antonio,Texas,the Spanish government gave black settlers the right to

A) vote for their governors.
B) be exempt from taxes.
C) be exempt from trade regulations.
D) exclude white colonists.

Question 30

What were the causes of decline in the economies of the Mughal,Persian,and Ottoman empires?

Question 31

A striking similarity between British and Spanish colonial attitudes in their American colonies was in the desire of the home government to

A) allow freedom of trade that benefited the colonies themselves.
B) centralize authority in the hands of provincial governors.
C) slash defense costs for the colonies.
D) begin a discussion of ending the slave trade.

Question 32

What were the connections between political strength and economic prosperity in the eighteenth century Asian empires?

Question 33

The most important factor in the British conquest of India during the eighteenth century was the

A) superiority of British weapons.
B) willingness of the British government to pay for an invasion.
C) political disunity of India.
D) addiction of millions of Indians to opium.

Question 34

As a result of its war of independence from Britain,the new United States

A) lost population.
B) found itself isolated from European monarchies.
C) engaged in rapid landward expansion in New England.
D) gained new trading partners.

Question 35

By the late eighteenth century,the Spanish Empire

A) dealt with native peoples on equal terms and sometimes conceded their claims to sovereignty.
B) dealt harshly with native peoples and enslaved them whenever possible.
C) conceded territory only when there was no other choice, but always treated native peoples on unequal terms.
D) dealt with native peoples on equal terms, but never made territorial concessions.

Question 36

Once independent from Portugal,in 1822 Brazil became a

A) democracy.
B) monarchy.
C) republic.
D) federal state.

Question 37

In Spanish California,the earliest successful settlements were

A) large plantations.
B) garrisons.
C) missions.
D) local Indian kingdoms.

Question 38

All of the following countries retained strong ties to Europe in the nineteenth century even after proclaiming independence EXCEPT:

A) French Canada
B) Haiti
C) Brazil
D) Peru

Question 39

How did the Dutch acquire their empire in the East Indies?

Question 40

Aside from the question of taxation,one of the gravest problems that colonists in the American colonies had with Britain concerned the potential

A) abolition of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic trading area.
B) desire of Britain to extend its control into the Ohio River Valley.
C) lack of political interest that Britain had in the government of the American colonies.
D) failure of Britain to provide enough troops for the adequate protection of the American colonists in the towns and cities.

Question 41

What led to the development of movements for independence from Spain and Portugal in Central and South America?

Question 42

What were the causes of decline in the Asian empires,despite their growth and relative political unity?

Question 43

How did the growth of national identity affect relations between European mother countries and their colonies? Why did conflict between empires and their colonies have little impact on trade and the exchange of ideas?

Question 44

Write an essay that compares and discusses the limits of imperialism based on colonization by the Chinese,Ottoman,and Persian empires.Discuss how the position of each of these great powers was weaker at the end of the eighteenth century than at the beginning.

Question 45

How did European colonies in Latin America come to protest European rule during the eighteenth century? Discuss the growth of independence movements and wars of liberation in Latin America.

Question 46

Why did trade continue to grow within the European empires,even as rebellions began to break them apart politically?

Question 47

What factors led to the rise of the Fulani in the African Sahel?

Question 48

Compare how social,economic,and ideological factors interacted in the North and South American independence movements.
In Perspective

Question 49

What were the origins of the independence movement in North America?

Question 50

What was the significance of the rise of a "Creole mentality" among European colonists in the Americas?

Question 51

What types of new empires arose among the native peoples of the Americas during the eighteenth century?

Question 52

What was different about the European colonial empires in the Americas from colonial developments elsewhere?