Deck 10: Behavioral Problems and Disruptive Disorders

Question 1

Describe how harsh parenting can affect children differently, from a frustration aggression model and from an observational learning model.

Answer 1

Harsh parenting (frustration aggression model): low frustration tolerance & negative emotionality→ reactive aggression);
Harsh parenting (Observational learning/ modeling)→ hypervigilant and bias to threat→ proactive aggression

Question 2

According to the DSM, a diagnosis of ODD requires a pervasive attitude of "_________" and four additional symptoms. What is the persistent and pervasive attitude, and what are four of the symptoms?

Answer 2

"Persistent hostile, defiant, and negative pattern directed towards authority" and at least, four from: loss of temper, argumentative/confrontational, defiant, annoying, blames others, touchy/easily irritated; angry/resentful; spiteful/vindictive

Question 3

In their meta‐analysis of 60 studies, Frick and colleagues (1993) isolated four quadrants of behaviors aligned along two dimensions.
a) Indicate the four quadrants of aggressive behavior and give an example of each.
b) Indicate which quadrants were most closely aligned with ODD and which were more closely aligned with CD

Answer 3

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Question 4

According to the DSM, Conduct Disorder can be diagnosed if an individual violates
____________ or _____________, and demonstrates at least _____ symptoms lasting for at least _____ months.
a) Fill in the above blanks.
b) What are the four main categories of symptoms? Provide at least one example of each

Question 5

Moderating influences on child aggression have looked at the interaction between child and parent characteristics. Explain how stable aggressive patterns can result from high risk factors that can perpetuate the cycle and exacerbate child aggression.

Question 6

Aggression which is premeditated has been referred to as

A) hot?blooded.
B) reactive.
C) cold?blooded.
D) responsive.

Question 7

Joey is three years old. He is at the park with his mother. When she is not looking, he pushes another child off the swing, so that he can have the swing to himself. This is an example of

A) interpersonal aggression.
B) instrumental aggression.
C) relational aggression.
D) hostile aggression.

Question 8

Which of the following is true about both hostile aggressive behavior and prosocial behavior?

A) Both are highly influenced by self?control.
B) Both are highly influence by emotion regulation.
C) Both require an understanding of intent.
D) All of the above .

Question 9

Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that normal acts of aggression peak in the _____ year, and then diminish with age as children become more socialized.

A) 2^nd
B) 4^th
C) 5^th
D) 7^th

Question 10

A two?year?old child stamps his feet and repeatedly says "NO" to everything. He is defiant and disobedient and has been that was for the last two months. The child is

A) likely can be diagnosed with ODD.
B) likely is demonstrating typical behaviors for a two?year?old.
C) likely demonstrating symptoms of early CD.
D) likely suffering from PTSD.
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Question 11

According to Aguilar and colleagues, early starters are often associated with all the following family characteristics, except

A) avoidant attachment.
B) stressful household.
C) low social economic status.
D) sibling conflict.

Question 12

Which of the following is not associated with hot?blooded aggression?

A) earlier onset
B) acts of domination and coercion
C) frustration?aggression model
D) emotion dysregulation

Question 13

All of the following are true of children who demonstrate maladaptive responses to emotionally charged situations that are negative, except

A) they are high on emotionality.
B) they are low on emotion regulation.
C) they are under?aroused by situations that would normally arouse children.
D) they are more likely to respond with low social adaptive responses.

Question 14

In an emotionally charged situation which of the following is likely to occur for a child with maladaptive emotion regulation?

A) Inappropriate behaviors will escalate in conditions of high negative emotions.
B) Inappropriate behaviors will escalate in conditions of high positive emotions.
C) Inappropriate behaviors will escalate in conditions of low positive emotions.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 15

Although the majority of children will demonstrate decreased aggression as they mature, _____
Are likely to demonstrate patterns of stable and persistent aggressive and oppositional behaviors throughout development.

A) 10?15%
B) under 5%
C) 8?10 %
D) 5?7 %

Question 16

All of the following are moderations that can increase the risk for stable child aggression, except

A) maternal depression.
B) child's low inhibition.
C) child fearfulness.
D) maternal rejection.

Question 17

When asked why he hit the other boy, Sammy said that he thought the other boy was mad at him and was going to hit him. Sammy is demonstrating

A) hostile attribution bias.
B) relational aggression.
C) coercion theory.
D) psychological bullying.

Question 18

According to Olweus, ____ of bullies are later convicted of multiple criminal offences.

A) 10?15%
B) 25%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 19

Which of the following is not true regarding bullying?

A) Boys tend to be both bully and target.
B) In one large study in the US of more than 15,000 students, almost 30% reported in engaging in moderate to frequent bullying.
C) Bullying tends to peak in elementary school, and decline in middle school.
D) Girls are more likely to engage in rumor spreading, as a form of bullying.

Question 20

There has been considerable debate regarding whether ODD and CD are a continuum or represent two distinct disorders. Research now supports

A) that ODD and CD represent a continuum of the same behaviors.
B) ODD and CD are the same disorder with different ages of onset.
C) ODD and CD are qualitatively different disorders.
D) there is no evidence to support either side of the debate.

Question 21

The typical age of onset for ODD is between

A) 7?9 years.
B) 3?5 years.
C) 8?10 years.
D) 4?8 years.

Question 22

In their meta?analysis of over 60 studies, Frick and colleagues identified four quadrants of behaviors associated with ODD and CD. Within this sample, age of onset for property violations was

A) 7½ years.
B) 15 years.
C) 9 years.
D) 13 years.

Question 23

The behavioral items in the study by Frick and colleagues map on to two syndromes from the Achenbach scales. Which of the following is true?

A) Attention problems best fit the CD profile.
B) The aggressive scale behaviors are best fitting for ODD.
C) The delinquent scale behaviors are best fitting for CD.
D) Both b and c are true.

Question 24

Which of the following is true regarding ODD?

A) At an early age, more females have ODD than males.
B) In adolescence, males and females have equal rates of ODD.
C) In adolescence more males have ODD than females.
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 25

Coercion Theory relates to

A) how children can bully other children.
B) escalating negative patterns of behaviors between children and their parents
C) how adolescents with CD can dominate and victimize younger children.
D) how children with deviant behaviors train other children to engage in similar behaviors.

Question 26

Your teenage son is beginning to quarrel with you and has become increasingly oppositional. He says that you are treating him like a child and that all his friends have far more privileges than he does. He also demands an increase in his allowance because he can't do things with his friends on the little money you give him. Up to this point, he has been a responsible child and you have had a very good relationship with him. You have been searching on the internet and seeing the symptoms, wonder if he has ODD, or worse yet CD. You take him to see a psychologist. The most likely response from the psychologist will be

A) this is the initial stages of conduct disorder, you should arrange for individual child therapy.
B) this represents late?stage oppositional defiant disorder, there are group programs for parents that can help with management of the disorder.
C) this is likely transient oppositional behavior, it will pass, just continue to monitor.
D) ODD is most often initiated on the home front, this is very serious.

Question 27

Path analysis suggests that there may be the potential for developmental continuity in the sequence of developing maladaptive behaviors (Loeber, et al, 1992). This path suggests that the order of maladaptive behaviors might be

A) ODD?ADHD?CD.
B) ADHD? panic disorder? ODD? CD.
C) SAD?ODD?OCD?CD.
D) ADHD?ODD?CD.

Question 28

Which of the following is true regarding ODD and CD:

A) 25% of those with ODD go on to develop CD
B) 90% of those with CD started out with ODD
C) 60% of those with ODD also have depression
D) both a) and c) are correct.

Question 29

When diagnosing CD, which of the following symptoms must occur prior to 13 years of age?

A) destruction of property
B) committing a break?in
C) staying out all night
D) both b and c

Question 30

To be diagnosed with childhood?onset type of CD, which of the following is true?

A) At least three symptoms must be present prior to 8 years of age.
B) At least one symptom must be present prior to 10 years of age.
C) No symptoms must be present after 10 years of age.
D) At least three symptoms must be present prior to 10 years of age.

Question 31

The one thing that distinguishes CD from antisocial personality disorder is

A) level of aggression.
B) conning others.
C) deceit or theft.
D) age of onset.

Question 32

Loeber and Keenan (1994) studied several different pathways that could potentially distinguish subtypes of CD. Of the subtypes that were identified, which had the best overall outcomes?

A) triple pathway
B) overt pathway
C) dual overt/covert pathway
D) authority conflict pathway

Question 33

Which of the following is true regarding late starters?

A) There is less research information available about this group.
B) As a group, they have less deviance.
C) Deviant behavior is often due to inadequate parental monitoring.
D) All of the above.

Question 34

Youth with CD often have comorbid disorders. Which of the following are the two most likely disorders from those listed below?

A) substance abuse and depression
B) substance abuse and eating disorders
C) depression and eating disorder
D) borderline personality disorder and substance abuse

Question 35

Which of the following is not one of the five neurodevelopmental symptom domains suggested by Sugden, Kile, & Hendren (2006)?

A) impulsivity
B) social withdrawal
C) anxiety hyperarousal
D) predatory aggression

Question 36

In females, symptoms of CD are likely to be manifested in all of the following, except

A) vandalism.
B) running away.
C) substance use.
D) truancy.

Question 37

According to the biological model, which of the following would be least likely to predict increased risk for CD?

A) decreased activity in the frontal lobes
B) low levels of testosterone
C) low levels of DBH
D) family history of pathology (e.g., alcohol dependence)

Question 38

Which of the following is not part of Barkley's four factor model?

A) temperament of the child
B) child management patterns
C) distressed school environment
D) temperament of the parent

Question 39

Children and adolescents with CD and ODD are at greater risk in the future for problems in all the following areas, except

A) eating disorders.
B) substance use and abuse.
C) school drop-out.
D) unemployment.

Question 40

Which of the following is true regarding intervention programs for ODD and CD?

A) The majority of programs for CD target parents rather than youth.
B) The success of multisystemic therapy (MST) has been attributed to the use of cognitive behavioral methods and bringing the intervention into the community.
C) Child programs have been criticized empirically, because they work with the child rather than the parent.
D) Family preservation and residential treatment are two successful programs that have been developed to address youth with CD.