Deck 3: Perception.

Question 1

The likelihood principle states that

A)we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.
B)we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances.
C)it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations.
D)feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object.

Answer 1

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Question 2

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised,she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead.Maria likes orange juice,so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

A)reception of the stimulus.
B)bottom-up processing.
C)top-down processing.
D)focused attention.

Answer 2

top-down processing.

Question 3

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called

A)perception.
B)sensation.
C)transduction.
D)consolidation.

Answer 3

perception.

Question 4

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

A)oblique effect.
B)likelihood principle.
C)principle of componential recovery.
D)principle of speech segmentation.

Question 5

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

A)We must understand the basic components of perception.
B)We need to identify the number of geons needed for object recognition.
C)We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations.
D)We need to identify the neurons that create perception.

Question 6

Speech segmentation is defined as

A)creating a sentence from a series of spoken words.
B)ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence.
C)organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
D)recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.

Question 7

When Carlos moved to the U.S. ,he did not understand any English.Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him.Now that Carlos has been learning English,he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable ofin English.

A)speech segmentation
B)the likelihood principle
C)bottom-up processing
D)algorithms

Question 8

Viewpointis the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

A)consistency
B)resistance
C)constancy
D)invariance

Question 9

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina,changing the image into electrical signals,and neural processing is an example ofprocessing.

A)bottom-up
B)top-down
C)sequential
D)serial

Question 10

Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of.This theory of unconscious inference was developed by

A)Goldstein.
B)Gestalt psychologists.
C)Helmholtz.
D)Gibson.

Question 11

According to your textbook,perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information.It is involved in many different cognitive skills.Which of the following is not one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

A)Solving problems
B)Experiencing neuromodulation
C)Communicating with other people
D)Answering questions

Question 12

During a professional baseball game,a long fly ball is hit down the first base line toward the foul ball pole.If it goes to the right of the pole it will be a foul ball,and if it goes to the left it will be a home run.The umpire making this call will have the most difficulty making the judgment because

A)the umpire will be looking right at the foul pole instead of viewing it from an angle.
B)the human visual perceptual system is simply inefficient at making judgments in cases where the visual stimuli are more than a few feet away.
C)it can be very difficult to distinguish one item from another when it there is overlap between the two.
D)the ball will probably disappear from view whether it goes in front of or behind the foul pole.

Question 13

In the "finding faces in a landscape" demonstration in your text,once you perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face,it is often difficult not to perceive them this way.This is due to

A)the inverse projection problem.
B)a shift in your attentional focus.
C)a recency effect.
D)your prior knowledge.

Question 14

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S.Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations.Sometimes,these machines cannot read an address,because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory.
Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses,most likely because of

A)bottom-up processing.
B)top-down processing.
C)their in-depth understanding of principles of perception.
D)repeated practice at the task.

Question 15

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone,this would be an example ofprocessing.

A)top-down
B)bottom-up
C)serial
D)sequential

Question 16

Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as a
Human being,but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when

A)animal faces are substituted for human faces.
B)the faces are of children.
C)the faces are viewed from an angle.
D)the faces are of people with scars or deformities.

Question 17

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

A)radiated wavelength paradox.
B)inverse projection problem.
C)serial location task.
D)fusiform face role.

Question 18

To demonstrate the complexity of human perception,a challenge took place in California where entrants had to design a motorized vehicle that could drive through a 55-mile course without human assistance.The winning vehicle was only able to stay on the course and avoid various obstacles while traveling at a rate ofmiles per hour.

A)3
B)7
C)10
D)14

Question 19

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

A)When someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distracters
B)When someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence
C)When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g. ,identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator)
D)When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

A)Speech segmentation
B)Seeing a flash of lightning in a thunderstorm
C)The response of a feature detector
D)Perceiving all of the birds in a flock as belonging together

Question 21

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

A)good continuation.
B)simplicity.
C)familiarity.
D)good figure.

Question 22

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to yourlobe.

A)frontal
B)temporal
C)parietal
D)occipital

Question 23

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands.You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together.The red uniforms are one band,the green uniforms another,and so forth.You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

A)simplicity.
B)similarity.
C)pragnanz.
D)familiarity.

Question 24

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office,a department store clothing section,a lion,and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope.The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge ofin those scenes.

A)physical regularities
B)semantic regularities
C)pragnanz
D)double dissociation

Question 25

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of

A)conjunction.
B)perceptual organization.
C)perceptual discriminability.
D)perceptual fusion.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?

A)The oblique effect
B)The light-from-above assumption
C)Angled orientation
D)Having one object that is partially covered by another "come out the other side"

Question 27

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

A)principle of size constancy.
B)oblique effect.
C)law of pragnanz.
D)law of good continuation.

Question 28

"Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible" refers to which Gestalt law?

A)Good figure
B)Similarity
C)Familiarity
D)Common fate

Question 29

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe is known as the

A)what pathway.
B)where pathway.
C)landmark pathway.
D)action pathway.

Question 30

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object)and another object.Choosing the target object will result in a reward.What sort of task is Amhad doing?

A)Landmark discrimination problem
B)Dissociation task
C)Greeble recognition task
D)Object discrimination problem

Question 31

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the

A)what pathway.
B)where pathway.
C)landmark pathway.
D)action pathway.

Question 32

Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions,FFA neurons had a(n)response to faces and anresponse to Greebles.

A)unvaried;unvaried
B)decreased;increased
C)unvaried;increased
D)increased;increased

Question 33

When you listen to someone speaking a foreign language with which you are unfamiliar,the words may all seem to sound the same.You may find yourself wondering how those speakers are communicating when they are using the same words over and over again.The Gestalt law that is affecting you here is the law of

A)similarity.
B)familiarity.
C)nearness.
D)good continuation.

Question 34

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

A)that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born.
B)that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects.
C)an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
D)that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments.

Question 35

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of

A)common fate.
B)similarity.
C)pragnanz.
D)continuity.

Question 36

The "textured wall" example from your text illustrates

A)semantic regularities.
B)the oblique effect.
C)size constancy.
D)the light-from-above heuristic.

Question 37

Palmer's experiment,in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen,showed howcan affect perception.

A)illusory conjunctions
B)context
C)naming associations
D)attention

Question 38

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example,which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles?

A)Simplicity
B)Contiguity
C)Figure-Ground
D)Common Fate

Question 39

The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as

A)brain ablation.
B)dissociation.
C)fMRI.
D)EEG.

Question 40

Damage to the temporal lobe makes themore difficult.

A)object discrimination problem
B)landmark discrimination problem
C)double dissociation problem
D)single dissociation problem

Question 41

The perception pathway corresponds to thepathway,while the action pathway corresponds to the pathway.

A)where;what
B)what;where
C)size;distance
D)distance;size

Question 42

Explain how BOTH bottom-up and top-down processing are involved in the "Crystal running on the beach" example.

Question 43

Discuss and give examples of three specific principles noted in your text that make it very difficult to design a computer or other machine that would show perception that is equivalent to or better than that of a human being.

Question 44

Explain how the object discrimination problem and the landmark discrimination problem help show what pathways in the brain are responsible for different cognitive abilities.How does damage to different lobes of the brain make these tasks more difficult,and what pathways are involved?

Question 45

The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called

A)neuropsychology.
B)functional localization.
C)positron emission tomography.
D)the subtraction technique.

Question 46

Using the laws of perceptual organization,explain why humans are better equipped at dealing with the complexities of object perception than computers.

Question 47

When a picture of an object is partially covered,humans can still easily identify the object.First,using the recognition-by-components approach,explain why humans can identify an object that is partially obscured.Second,name and explain how three Gestalt principles are at work when humans identify the obscured object.