Deck 11: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adhd

Question 1

John has been diagnosed with ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type, while Carl has been diagnosed with ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive‐Impulsive type.
Name three symptoms from the DSM that would apply to John and three symptoms that would apply to Carl.
John: ___________________, ____________________, ___________________
Carl: ____________________, ____________________, __________________

Answer 1

Three symptoms from the nine symptoms of the inattentive type, listed on page 357 and three symptoms from the six hyperactive and three impulsive symptoms listed on page 358.

Question 2

Parents who were interviewed retrospectively about their children diagnosed with ADHD gave a number of early indicators that were evident in infancy and the toddler stage. What were some of these indicators? (Provide two symptoms for each stage.)

Answer 2

Infancy: excessive activity, poor sleep patterns, difficulty to soothe and irritability
Toddler period: excessive activity and risk taking

Question 3

Adolescence can be a particularly difficult time for most youth. However, teens with ADHD face many additional challenges. Explain how academic and emotional stressors can increase during this time period. Provide two examples of academic and two examples of emotional pressure that might be expected to happen during this period.

Answer 3

Increased academic work load and demands on independent work, as well as managing transitions between classes and multiple teachers. Emotionally, teens with ADHD may also suffer from comorbid internalizing (anxiety and depression) and externalizing (aggression, defiance) behaviors. Social problems are also frequent for those with ADHD who also experience low self esteem, and poor acceptance from peers.

Question 4

Brooke and Pelham propose a developmental pathway for substance use/abuse among youth with ADHD. What is this pathway and explain how this pathway might develop?

Question 5

Barkley's Model of ADHD is well suited to explaining how children with the impulsive‐ hyperactive type of ADHD have difficulty engaging n goal‐directed tasks. Respond to the following questions about that model:
a) The main feature of this model suggests why children with ADHD have problems in Behavioral Inhibition, which is best described as
b) Name each of the four executive functions that are represented in this model and how each helps to reach the goal.
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
c) The last stage in the model is obtained through goal persistence. How is attention for goal‐
directed persistence different from sustained attention for contingency‐shaped attention? Give an example of each.

Question 6

Historically, in the 1930s to 1940s, restless and inattentive behaviors of ADHD were thought to be attributed to

A) hyperkinetic reaction of childhood.
B) minimal brain dysfunction.
C) bad parenting.
D) poor nutrition.

Question 7

The earliest medically based version of ADHD?like symptoms (1902) were associated with

A) Minimal Brain Dysfunction.
B) Hyperkinetic Reactions.
C) Morbid Defect of Moral Character.
D) Post Encephalitic Behaviors.

Question 8

The DSM has changed how ADHD has been conceptualized over time. The current version (DSM?IV?TR, 2000) recognizes subtypes of ADHD. The last time the DSM recognized subtypes of the disorder was in

A) DSM?II (1950?1860).
B) DSM?III (1980).
C) DSM?IIIR (1987).
D) none of the above.

Question 9

According to the DSM?IV, one of the criteria is that symptoms should have

A) persisted for at least one year.
B) onset before three years of age.
C) be pervasive across situations.
D) include symptoms of hyperactivity.

Question 10

The current DSM requires ____ symptoms for a diagnosis of ADHD in any category.

A) 8 out of a possible 14
B) 8 out of a possible 16
C) 9 out of a possible 15
D) 6 out of a possible 9

Question 11

Currently, the category ADHD NOS is used to refer to

A) atypical cases.
B) cases that had previously been diagnosed by other DSM versions.
C) cases that have symptoms of both the inattentive and hyperactive type.
D) symptoms occurring prior to 7 years of age.

Question 12

All of the following are important developmental considerations in the diagnosis of ADHD, except

A) problems with disinhibition will likely increase with age.
B) attention problems will most likely remain persistent across ages.
C) thresholds for DSM criteria are likely too high for adult populations.
D) thresholds for DSM criteria are likely too low for preschool children.

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding ADHD?

A) More males than females are identified.
B) The vast majority of those diagnosed with have the hyperactive?impulsive version.
C) ADHD can be identified as early as 5 years of age.
D) All of the above.

Question 14

Researchers have found all of the following to be true, except

A) increased television exposure at ages 1 to 3 years was associated with attention problems at age 7.
B) as many as 2/3 of children with ADHD experience sleep disturbances of periodic limb movement disorder or restless legs syndrome.
C) those with the inattentive type of ADHD are at increased risk for the development of substance use.
D) the use of stimulant medication in children diagnosed with ADHD has been associated with increased risk for substance abuse in later adulthood.

Question 15

In retrospective interviews, parents have mentioned a number of symptoms in the first year of life, regarding children who were later diagnosed with ADHD. Which of the following was not among the symptoms?

A) excessive activity
B) fearful temperament
C) difficult to soothe
D) irritability

Question 16

Why is diagnosis of ADHD so difficult in toddlers?

A) Symptoms of oppositional behavior are common at that age.
B) Symptoms of excessive activity are common at that age.
C) Symptoms of high?risk?taking are common at that age.
D) All of the above.

Question 17

It is more likely that symptoms of ADHD in children will become increasingly recognized around three years of age. All of the following are true about this period of development that will aid in recognizing ADHD symptoms, except

A) children are increasing their ability to self?regulate their behavior, and those with ADHD will begin to stand out from their peers.
B) children are gaining more self?control, and as a result, those with ADHD will become more obvious.
C) excessive over?activity and impulsivity will begin to set the child with ADHD apart from their peers.
D) children with ADHD during this period will stand out from their peers due to their inattentive behaviors.

Question 18

What percent of children with ADHD will likely continue to evidence symptoms in adolescence?

A) 100%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 19

Children with ADHD often have other comorbid disorders. What percent of children with ADHD have another disorder?

A) 27%
B) 52%
C) 75%
D) 66%

Question 20

Approximately _____ of children and youth with ADHD will be diagnosed with MDD.

A) 15%
B) 20%
C) 25%
D) 30%

Question 21

Problems with the definition of specific learning disabilities (SLD) make prevalence rates difficult to establish for children with ADHD. However, in a more generic sense, learning problems have been identified in other ways. Which of the following is true for children and youth with ADHD?

A) About 30% will repeat a grade.
B) About 30% will drop out.
C) About 40% will require special education.
D) All of the above.

Question 22

The percentage of children with bipolar disorder that also have ADHD is

A) 90%.
B) 30%.
C) 50%.
D) 60%.

Question 23

Which of the following is false?

A) Up to 30% of those with ADHD will also have obsessive compulsive disorder or overanxious disorder.
B) More boys than girls with ADHD have somatization disorder.
C) More than half of those with ADHD will develop CD.
D) 25% to 75% of those with ODD also meet criteria for ADHD.

Question 24

Brooke and Pelham (2003) studied ADHD and the increased risk for substance use/abuse. Which of the following was not among their findings?

A) A diagnosis of ADHD in childhood is as strong a predictor for substance use as having a family history of substance use.
B) Substance use was not specific but revealed higher levels of use across a wide variety of substances (alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs).
C) Severity of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms predicted the most vulnerable population.
D) None of the above is false, all are true.

Question 25

Greene and colleagues describe those with ADHD, as potentially being "socially disabled." They define this concept as a

A) cognitive processing problems in both intellectual and social domains.
B) a failure to read people.
C) an inability to read facial cues.
D) a significant discrepancy between intelligence and social skills.

Question 26

Researchers who are studying sleep disorders and ADHD have suggested that a common link between sleep disorders and ADHD might be a deficiency in the neurotransmitter

A) serotonin.
B) dopamine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) acetycholine.

Question 27

Which of the following is true regarding sleep deprived children?

A) Children 8?14 years of age who do not get at least 6½ hours of sleep are considered sleep? deprived.
B) Children under 8 who do not get at least 10 hours of sleep are considered sleep?deprived.
C) Hyperactivity will decrease in proportion to the number of nights a child does not get adequate sleep.
D) Children who are sleep?deprived mimic ADHD?like symptoms.

Question 28

Researchers studying parent training programs for ADHD have found that these programs can significantly reduce parent stress and assist in child management. However, if the parent also has ADHD, the problem is more complex. Which is not one of the research findings regarding inclusion of parents with ADHD in the training programs?

A) Children of mothers with low symptoms of ADHD demonstrated significant post?training reduction in symptoms.
B) Children of high?symptom mothers showed no improvement.
C) Children of mothers with medium symptoms of ADHD demonstrated no improvement.
D) Researchers recommend that it may be necessary to treat the parent prior to intervention in some cases.

Question 29

Stewart has ADHD. The likelihood of his twin also having ADHD is

A) 50%.
B) 75%.
C) 90%.
D) 30%.

Question 30

The executive function system is primarily responsible for

A) arousal.
B) goal directed behaviors.
C) motivation.
D) registering pain and rejection.

Question 31

Which of the following is false regarding the brain structures and functions in those with ADHD?

A) There is increased activity in the frontal lobes.
B) Researchers have speculated that reduced dopamine levels in the basal ganglia in those with ADHD may account for poor perception of time.
C) Much more is known about the functions of the hyperactive?impulsive type compared to the inattentive type.
D) The catecholamines (neurotransmitters; dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) have all been associated with problems in attention and motor activity.

Question 32

The cingulated gyrus is responsible for registering

A) motivation, pain, and rejection.
B) sense of time.
C) arousal and sustained attention.
D) sense of balance and integration.

Question 33

All of the following neurotransmitters are part of the catecholamines, except

A) dopamine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) epinephrine.
D) acetycholine.

Question 34

In Barkley's model of executive functions, which does not belong?

A) working memory
B) motivation
C) internalize speech
D) reconstitution

Question 35

How would Barkley explain why Johnny can play video games all day, but can't spend 15 productive minute doing homework?

A) Homework is a contingency?based activity , while video games are goal?persistent.
B) Homework requires goal?directed persistence, while video games are contingency?based.
C) Homework requires contingency?based attention.
D) Video games do not require sustained attention, and represent contingency?based attention.

Question 36

Wolraich and colleagues (2005) cite several reasons why the assessment of ADHD in adolescence poses increased challenges, compared to assessment in younger children. Which of the following is not one of the reasons that they suggest?

A) Parents are not as accurate in their information about adolescents.
B) Youth's increasing demands for privacy
C) There is low inter?rater reliability among high school teachers evaluation of the same child in different classes.
D) All of the above

Question 37

One of the problems with individual assessments of children/adolescents with ADHD on intelligence tests is

A) intelligence has nothing to do with ADHD.
B) the testing situation is inherently boring, so they will not score well on these tests.
C) the examiner performs most of the executive function tasks.
D) intelligence tests, like the WISC and Binet, are most often given in group format, which places children with ADHD at a disadvantage.

Question 38

According to Pelham and colleagues (2005), a major issue in the assessment of ADHD is that

A) tests do not survey parent attitudes.
B) parents who have ADHD may not submit survey information.
C) parents do not understand the cognitive aspects of ADHD.
D) currently assessment is driven by behavioral symptoms and relatively ignores cognitive aspects.

Question 39

Which of the following is not one of the amphetamines for treating ADHD?

A) Dexedrine
B) Ritalin
C) Adderall
D) Dextrostat

Question 40

All of the following were outcomes of the MTA study of ADHD, except

A) Initially, it was thought that medication alone and medication plus behavioral treatment were superior to all other treatment conditions.
B) follow?up after 24 months revealed no adverse effect for those children who had been on medication for the two?year period.
C) although initial results looked promising, after 14 months, advantages for the medication group dissipated by 50%.
D) researchers are suggesting that different comorbid clusters may respond differently to different treatment alternatives.