Deck 7: Gender

Question 1

What are we talking about when we refer to observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction system?

A) gender
B) sex
C) chromosomes
D) dimorphism

Answer 1

sex

Question 2

With which of the following statements about human behavior would an anthropologist be most likely to agree?

A) It is a combination of nature (biology)and nurture (acculturation).
B) It is completely dictated by nature (biology).
C) It is completely dictated by nurture (acculturation).
D) It is a result of nature or nurture depending on the person,but never both in the same individual.

Answer 2

It is a combination of nature (biology)and nurture (acculturation).

Question 3

Which of the following does NOT factor into biological differences between men and women?

A) genitalia
B) chromosomes
C) foot size
D) hormones

Answer 3

foot size

Question 4

The pattern of behavior including gambling,drinking,infidelity,and drug use that Matthew Gutmann studied in Mexico is associated with

A) criminals.
B) poverty.
C) machismo.
D) fatherhood.

Question 5

Cross-cultural studies challenge the notion that biological sex can predict

A) an individual's chromosomal makeup.
B) the roles individuals play in a given culture.
C) an individual's ability to reproduce.
D) relatively small differences in height and weight of men and women.

Question 6

The behaviors encouraged in sports-where boys are rewarded for competitiveness and girls are encouraged to play quietly-reflect

A) societal adult gender roles.
B) gender roles that reverse during adolescence,when boys begin to play quietly and girls become more competitive.
C) the natural result of sexual dimorphism.
D) primary sex characteristics.

Question 7

Which of the following is/are considered a secondary sexual characteristic?

A) genitalia
B) testes
C) pitch of voice
D) ovaries

Question 8

The process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural is called

A) gender performance.
B) gender stratification.
C) enculturation.
D) cultural context.

Question 9

The way in which individuals act out the behaviors associated with "masculine" and "feminine" is called gender

A) stratification.
B) performance.
C) dimorphism.
D) practice.

Question 10

The learned behaviors perceived as masculine or feminine are called

A) sexual dimorphism.
B) alternate sexualities.
C) cultural constructions.
D) gender stratification.

Question 11

Matthew Gutmann's research in Mexico indicates that

A) all men strive to be "macho."
B) women only want to be with men who embrace machismo.
C) the traits of machismo are found only in the upper classes.
D) masculine identity is in flux and negotiable.

Question 12

Doing household chores,making decisions about who works outside the home,and raising children are all qualities that are integral to

A) the way that all cultures construct masculinity.
B) conceptions of machismo and masculinity in Mexico.
C) the different way that each culture constructs masculinity.
D) the performance of machismo in all cultures.

Question 13

An individual leaves a restaurant.He or she is wearing a suit and tie,has short hair,is quite tall,and has a little bit of facial hair.Based only on these observed visible traits,it is likely that such a person be considered as being of the male

A) role.
B) sex.
C) community.
D) gender.

Question 14

Human males may weigh only 15 percent more than human females,which underscores the idea that human sexual dimorphism is a

A) significant determinant of biological sex.
B) minor determinant of biological sex.
C) significant consideration in assessing difference between human males and females.
D) minor consideration in assessing difference between human males and females.

Question 15

How does the game of co-ed T-ball reinforce gender ideals in U.S.children?

A) Boys typically receive more playing time than girls.
B) Girls have more opportunities to touch the ball than boys.
C) Girls spend more time batting than boys.
D) Girls and boys receive the same amount of praise for playing well.

Question 16

Johann Sebastian Bach,renowned for his huge repertoire of musical compositions in the sixteenth century,was also,as a boy,an outstanding singer in the soprano range until he was about sixteen.That boys become men is axiomatic,and the change in voice is a characteristic of

A) adulthood.
B) sexual dimorphism.
C) gender.
D) cultural constructions.

Question 17

By studying the "fag discourse" in U.S.schools,anthropologists have learned that

A) homosexual boys can increase their status by performing masculine behavior.
B) teens in all ethnic groups can increase their status by performing masculine behavior.
C) girls can increase their status by performing masculine behavior.
D) lesbian girls have no path in which to increase their status.

Question 18

In youth sports in the United States,characteristics frequently associated with behaviors that tend to receive the most praise from coaches are

A) height.
B) agility.
C) intelligence.
D) strength.

Question 19

On average,human males weigh ________ percent more than women.

A) 5
B) 15
C) 25
D) 30

Question 20

A primary component of the "fag discourse" in U.S.high schools is the

A) enforcement of heterosexuality.
B) enforcement of masculinity.
C) policing of gender roles.
D) use of bullying to enforce gender stereotypes.

Question 21

In 2008,a little more than 50 percent of live births in the United States were male,the remainder designated as female.Recent medical studies suggest that of all live births,individuals that do NOT fit neatly into either biological category may be as high as ________ percent.

A) 5
B) 7
C) 2
D) 10

Question 22

Anne Fausto-Sterling's analysis of biological sexual identity identifies ________ sexes,including ________.

A) three;machos
B) four;hijras
C) six;Two-Spirits
D) five;intersexuals

Question 23

Going out on a date can mean many things.As a man,you might bring flowers,offer to foot the bill,and open a door.As a woman,you might demur to a choice of restaurants,offer to split the tab,and offer soft thanks.From an anthropological perspective,this constitutes

A) the performance of stereotypes.
B) obeying social norms.
C) the performance of gender.
D) a particular type of gendered ritual.

Question 24

The binary gender system in many nations,including the United States,means that in order to gain certain legal recognition as an individual,one must identify as

A) either male or female.
B) male,female,or intersex.
C) male,female,or transgender.
D) male,female,or neither sex.

Question 25

The drug Viagra was originally developed to help treat a specific heart condition,but then took on a different life when the maker found that it could help men with impotence.The ability to have an erection is obviously a male characteristic,and the marketing of the drug has helped

A) reinforce the idea that only men who get erections are sexually competent.
B) reinforce the idea that women do not care if men get erections.
C) men and women enjoy better,longer-lasting sexual experiences.
D) men fully embrace their roles as men.

Question 26

A United Nations survey recently found that nearly 25 percent of men in six Asian and Pacific countries had raped a woman.This statistic suggests that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality

A) was reached in 2015.
B) is in fact far from complete.
C) has yet to be reached.
D) has actually skewed gender inequality the other way,and now it is men that must be empowered.

Question 27

Early feminist anthropological studies focused on identifying

A) the myth of matriarchy in prehistoric societies.
B) the underlying roots of universal male dominance.
C) gender equality in industrialized societies.
D) sources of female power in nonindustrialized cultures.

Question 28

Through the 1960s,Western medicine has used extreme steps in an effort to "manage" the condition of children born with ambiguous genitalia through the use of

A) hormone therapy.
B) genital reconstruction surgery.
C) parental decision support.
D) genital reconstruction surgery and hormone therapy.

Question 29

For many women,life is a seemingly unending process of childbirth,child rearing,and hard domestic labor,while men often enjoy free time and social opportunity.This is the result of gender

A) stereotypes.
B) roles.
C) stratification.
D) performance.

Question 30

Home is often considered the domain of women,while men go to work.Although this idea has changed dramatically in many places in the past several decades,it remains a common theme.This reflects the ideas supported in the work of Michele Rosaldo that sees male and female gender roles as

A) rigid in all countries regardless of changes.
B) split between private and public spheres.
C) unified across both private and public spheres.
D) defined by gender performance.

Question 31

Individuals whose culture identifies them as "neither man nor woman" in India are called

A) berdache.
B) hijras.
C) Two-Spirits.
D) transgender.

Question 32

Sherri Ortner has argued that women's biological functions tend to strongly conflate women and

A) power.
B) culture.
C) men.
D) nature.

Question 33

Women bodybuilders go to a great deal of effort to shape their physiques in a manner that is highly similar to their male counterparts.In doing so,the women bodybuilders are

A) creating a stereotype.
B) exhibiting strength that is not as good as that of a male bodybuilder.
C) challenging male dominance in a sport.
D) performing gender.

Question 34

The "man the hunter,woman the gatherer" debate is based on the idea that greater male strength and aggression was imprinted in human DNA.This idea partially reflects the idea of

A) sexual dimorphism.
B) gender performance.
C) cultural stereotypes.
D) archeological evidence.

Question 35

The adoption of eight Millennial Goals by the United Nations in 2000 sought to eliminate the most extreme forms of poverty and inequality,specifically including an effort to improve the conditions of women by

A) promoting gender equality.
B) combating diseases.
C) achieving universal primary education.
D) creating a global partnership for development.

Question 36

Emily Martin's analysis of the "fairy tale" of the egg and the sperm as presented in U.S.textbooks focuses on how

A) scientific language of biology promotes gendered stereotypes of male and female behavior.
B) "female" eggs aggressively pursue more "passive" male sperm until conception occurs.
C) cultural constructions are challenged by imagery that highlights biological differences.
D) stereotypes of male and female behavior are portrayed as cultural constructions.

Question 37

The phrases "boys will be boys" and "it's a girl thing" reflect gender

A) stratification.
B) roles.
C) stereotypes.
D) performance.

Question 38

The restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that women

A) participated in elaborate exchanges of banana fiber skirts.
B) participated in elaborate exchanges of shell armbands and necklaces.
C) played a limited role in rituals and ceremonial exchanges.
D) and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods.

Question 39

An individual who dresses as a woman,has little or no body hair,and is soft-spoken among her peers and yet has been designated male at birth due to biological characteristics might sometimes be referred to as

A) a hijra.
B) mentally ill.
C) a hermaphrodite.
D) transgender.

Question 40

The preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in Native American cultures is

A) hijra.
B) hermaphrodite.
C) Two-Spirit.
D) transgender.

Question 41

An anthropologist observes a young man holding a door open for a woman entering a building.This is often interpreted as a form of gender

A) stereotype.
B) performance.
C) ideology.
D) stratification.

Question 42

Evaluate which of the five sexes in biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling's continuum represents the hijras of India.How do they perform their gender identity in daily life? What economic and social roles do they play in society? Why are they often victims of violence?

Question 43

Several state legislatures introduced laws prohibiting use of public restrooms by a person of the wrong sex-that is,males must use the men's restroom,and females must use the women's restroom.The penalties vary considerably but can include jail time.The anthropological (and social)problem with these laws is that lawmakers fail to recognize that it is a matter of gender and not sex because

A) gender identity is expressed through actions such as using a restroom.
B) gender is about the different ways humans learn to behave and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine due exclusively to innate biological traits.
C) gender,not sex,is the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.
D) gender is a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.

Question 44

The account of how members of CO-MADRES were detained,tortured,and raped by the death squads leads to a conclusion about the nature of the relationship between the victim and perpetrator of these crimes,contradicting statistics showing the opposite,because the CO-MADRES account shows that the victim

A) may have voted for his or her assailant.
B) was unlikely to have known his or her assailant.
C) generally broke the law and got what he or she deserved.
D) was generally either very young or much older.

Question 45

According to the text,increased participation in the global economy means that many women can

A) transform the nature of their interaction between themselves and their families.
B) be easily exploited in a global capitalist market.
C) transform the nature of their interaction between the local and the global.
D) easily learn to assert their agency and become industrial leaders.

Question 46

In their challenge to death squads,the mothers of CO-MADRES addressed inequalities of wealth,power,privilege,and access to resources through a social movement that

A) resulted in the deaths of hundreds of people.
B) integrated ideas about motherhood and child rearing with direct confrontation.
C) left the members of the organization open to interpersonal violence.
D) inadvertently promoted the idea of gender-based torture.

Question 47

Numerous states have proposed laws that prohibit the use of the wrong restroom by men and women,making it very difficult for transgender persons to navigate a simple biological need.This is an example of

A) culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between,and proper roles for,men and women,or gender stereotypes.
B) the expression of gender identity through action or gender performance.
C) the ways humans learn to behave and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within cultural contexts,or the cultural construction of gender.
D) a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification,also known as gender ideology.

Question 48

In rereading the story of CO-MADRES,we might conclude that gender-based violence occurs primarily as a result of

A) the universality of male dominance across cultures.
B) the lack of political openness in El Salvador.
C) calls for economic equality.
D) the use of military death squads.

Question 49

Explain how physicians' attitudes toward children born intersex have changed in recent decades in parallel with changes in attitudes toward sexuality.Specifically,what has influenced the American Academy of Pediatrics to allow children to make their own choices once they reach an age where they are able to do so?

Question 50

Discuss how the anthropological understanding of the status of individuals of alternate genders in Native American cultures has changed.After defining the terms "berdache" and "Two-Spirits," explain how scholars' and activists' views of the status and roles of individuals in these alternate genders have changed.

Question 51

Evaluate the merits of the "man the hunter,woman the gatherer" debate.What are two of the specific cultural debates used to support the notion that there is a biological basis for the behaviors reported in this model? Provide two examples from the text that do NOT support the biological argument in favor of a gendered division of labor in foraging societies.Conclude by discussing the accuracy of the evolutionary model for understanding the idealized model of the sexual division of labor.

Question 52

The section on the text about CO-MADRES of El Salvador is a powerful example of gender

A) politics.
B) performance.
C) stratification.
D) violence.

Question 53

According to data released by RAINN,the Rape,Abuse and Incest National Network,a rape or sexual assault takes place in the United States every 107 seconds.This is an example of

A) gender violence.
B) statistical abuse.
C) gender politics.
D) gender policing.

Question 54

The discussion in the text about hijras notes that violence against them is common,supporting the idea that in gender-based violence against nonheterosexuals,________ are especially vulnerable.

A) lesbians
B) bisexuals
C) transgender persons
D) gay men

Question 55

During the El Salvador civil war (1977-1992),the group CO-MADRES emerged as a political force that initially formed as a group of

A) political activists protesting the rape of women.
B) mothers and relatives who demanded information about the missing.
C) teachers who demanded a peaceful resolution to the war.
D) nuns who worked for peace within the Catholic Church.

Question 56

The process of becoming "male" or "female" occurs during childhood and youth.Provide two specific examples of ways that parents start this process by "doing gender." Provide two specific examples of ways that participating in sports reflects personality traits (e.g. ,gentleness versus competitiveness)commonly associated with women and men in the United States.Provide specific examples from the text of ways that the behaviors are reinforced.How is this tied to the constructions of masculinity inherent in the "fag discourse" in U.S.high schools? Why does it benefit girls to act masculine?

Question 57

Carla Freeman's research on women's participation in the industrialized labor force in Barbados indicates that

A) women are victims of an exploitative work environment.
B) women were powerless to resist male dominance once engaged in the global economy.
C) asserting desires and goals means they are not simply victims in the practices of flexible accumulation.
D) exploitation of women increased as women asserted a different status.

Question 58

Explain how feminist research on gender stratification and gender roles has changed since Margaret Mead's pioneering research,paying particular attention to the approaches and findings of Sherri Ortner,Michelle Rosaldo,Eleanor Leacock,and Annette Weiner.What do we understand about how gender should be studied today?

Question 59

The idea of gender-based violence,while certainly a reality,may also help perpetuate the myth of

A) flexibility of male and female roles.
B) men doing the majority of activities,such as hunting.
C) males as the source of all aggression.
D) male dominance.

Question 60

Analyze how idealized gender roles and attributes of both sexes are reflected in the sexual division of labor and jobs that adult men and women tend to pursue in the United States,and how this is tied to constructions of masculine and feminine gender norms and performance.Provide two examples for each gender.

Question 61

The notion of appropriate male behavior in Mexico is changing,in part because more women are entering the paid workforce.Thinking like an anthropologist,consider how you would structure your fieldwork to explore this phenomenon.Be scientific and explain whether your research will be qualitative or quantitative and why,how you will prepare,what your hypothesis will be,and what strategies you will use.

Question 62

Using three specific examples from the text,identify and analyze ways that women resist patriarchy or gender stratification in their societies.Specifically,how do women use organizing for political action to express their displeasure with the systems under which they live? Provide the context for their actions in different settings.Ultimately,does women's resistance to these structures result in change?

Question 63

Discuss ways that women's participation in the global economy,including the changes in traditional gender roles and expectation,reflects both gender role stereotypes and economic inequalities in the twenty-first century.