Deck 3: The Development of Corrections

Question 1

During ancient primitive times, justice was handled by:

A) Arbitration courts
B) Roman emperors
C) Shire-reeves
D) Crime victims or their families
E) A complex system of trials and sentencing

Answer 1

Crime victims or their families

Question 2

The concept of lex talionis refers to the:

A) Lesser of two evils
B) Law of retaliation
C) Least troublesome alternative
D) Length of institutionalization
E) Least restrictive alternative

Answer 2

Law of retaliation

Question 3

According to the concept of "benefit of clergy," an offender:

A) Who could read and write was dealt with more leniently
B) Could be placed under the supervision of a member of the clergy, similar to what we know as probation today
C) Who was a member of the clergy was tried in both civil and church courts
D) B and C
E) All of the above

Answer 3

Who could read and write was dealt with more leniently

Question 4

Under the "right of sanctuary," an offender:

A) Who was a member of the clergy could escape punishment for a criminal offense
B) Had the right to live in the sanctuary of his or her own home until trial
C) Was entitled to seek sanctuary from criminal prosecution if his or her rights were violated
D) Could escape by fleeing to certain religious locations such as a church or abbey
E) Was held in secure custody in the sanctuary of a church following conviction
Identify the descriptions that follow as characteristic of those being held in:

Question 5

Unconvicted defendants awaiting trial.

A) Early English jails
B) U.S. jails today
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Question 6

Convicted offenders serving short sentences.

A) Early English jails
B) U.S. jails today
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Question 7

Convicted offenders waiting to be executed.

A) Early English jails
B) U.S. jails today
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Question 8

Early English jails operated through funds:

A) Provided by the crown
B) Generated by public contributions
C) Raised through taxes
D) Obtained through inmate fees
E) Raised through tithings

Question 9

In early English jails, inmates were charged for:

A) Food
B) A mattress and bed
C) Release
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 10

The breakdown of the feudal system resulted in:

A) Unemployment and poverty
B) Mass movement from rural to urban areas
C) Establishment of debtors' prisons and workhouses
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 11

Banishment and exile became popular forms of punishment when:

A) Capital punishment was outlawed in England
B) Debtors' prisons and workhouses were abolished
C) The Industrial Revolution made slave labor unprofitable
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 12

The transportation of offenders to the U.S. ended as a result of:

A) Massive protests among the colonists, similar to outrage against the tea tax
B) The American Revolution
C) Congress passing the U.S. Bill of Rights
D) England's reinstatement of capital punishment
E) C and D

Question 13

I answer True or False whether offenders were commonly subjected to the following punishments in the American colonies throughout most of the eighteenth century:

-Corporal punishment?

Question 14

I answer True or False whether offenders were commonly subjected to the following punishments in the American colonies throughout most of the eighteenth century:

-Capital punishment?

Question 15

I answer True or False whether offenders were commonly subjected to the following punishments in the American colonies throughout most of the eighteenth century:

-Mutilation?

Question 16

I answer True or False whether offenders were commonly subjected to the following punishments in the American colonies throughout most of the eighteenth century:

-Confinement in prison?

Question 17

I answer True or False whether offenders were commonly subjected to the following punishments in the American colonies throughout most of the eighteenth century:

-Public humiliation?

Question 18

The first institution intended for long-term punishment, established in Simsbury, Connecticut, just prior to the American Revolution, was:

A) Newgate
B) Auburn
C) Walnut Street Jail
D) Sing Sing
E) Alcatraz

Question 19

John Howard advocated that:

A) All jails be abolished
B) Jails develop rehabilitative programs
C) Inmates be segregated by age, sex, and crime
D) Salaries be provided to jail staff
E) C and D

Question 20

Inmates who have been convicted in a court of law and sentenced to a correctional institution lose their constitutional rights.

Question 21

Under the First Amendment of the Constitution, inmates can file a petition to challenge the conditions of their confinement.

Question 22

The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution requires due process of law before depriving a defendant of life, liberty, or property.

Question 23

The Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment does not apply to the conditions of confinement in correctional institutions.

Question 24

Overall, the Bill of Rights functions to restrict the freedoms of the individual in favor of the rule of law and the interests of society.

Question 25

The U.S. Constitution is based on the belief that preserving individual liberties is even more important than the pursuit of justice.

Question 26

Constitutional protections apply only to those who have earned them by obeying the law.

Question 27

The Walnut Street Jail was established by:

A) John Howard
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) Walter Crofton
D) The Quakers
E) The Salvation Army

Question 28

The Walnut Street Jail was notable for being the first:

A) U.S. jail
B) Correctional institution designed to reform offenders
C) Institution to use congregate work
D) Institution to implement parole
E) C and D

Question 29

Identify the statements below as describing:

-Inmates were expected to be silent at all times.

A) The Pennsylvania system
B) The Auburn system
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Question 30

Identify the statements below as describing:

-Inmates slept in individual cells in solitary confinement.

A) The Pennsylvania system
B) The Auburn system
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Question 31

Identify the statements below as describing:

-Inmates were expected to read the Bible and achieve repentance for their crimes.

A) The Pennsylvania system
B) The Auburn system
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Question 32

Identify the statements below as describing:

-During the day, inmates worked in congregate groups.

A) The Pennsylvania system
B) The Auburn system
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Question 33

Identify the statements below as describing:

-Emphasis was placed on preparation for early release through parole.

A) The Pennsylvania system
B) The Auburn system
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Question 34

Identify the statements below as describing:

-This system became the basis for correctional institutions in the U.S.

A) The Pennsylvania system
B) The Auburn system
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Question 35

In the debate between the Auburn and Pennsylvania systems, the one that became the model for U.S. prisons prevailed because it was more:

A) Humane for the inmates
B) Effective for reducing recidivism
C) Profitable for the state
D) Compatible with the justice model
E) In keeping with the U.S. Constitution

Question 36

Use the answer options for the three items that follow:

-Developed an incentive system on Norfolk Island, whereby inmates could earn early release for good behavior, which eventually led to indeterminate sentencing.

A) The American Correctional Association
B) John Augustus
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Jeremy Bentham
E) William Blackstone
F) Zebulon Brockway
G) Walter Crofton
H) Rutherford B. Hayes
I) Alexander Maconochie

Question 37

Use the answer options for the three items that follow:

-Requested permission from judges to supervise drunkards and petty criminals, which became the first form of what we now know as probation.

A) The American Correctional Association
B) John Augustus
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Jeremy Bentham
E) William Blackstone
F) Zebulon Brockway
G) Walter Crofton
H) Rutherford B. Hayes
I) Alexander Maconochie

Question 38

Use the answer options for the three items that follow:

-Implemented a four-stage system in Ireland, whereby inmates who successfully progressed through all stages were awarded a "ticket of leave," which became the first form of parole.

A) The American Correctional Association
B) John Augustus
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Jeremy Bentham
E) William Blackstone
F) Zebulon Brockway
G) Walter Crofton
H) Rutherford B. Hayes
I) Alexander Maconochie

Question 39

The industrial era of corrections ended as a result of:

A) The influence of organized labor
B) The unemployment accompanying the Great Depression
C) Legislation placing restrictions on prison-made products
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 40

Today, prison industries are generally:

A) Able to produce anything for which there is a market
B) Restricted to producing items that can be used by government agencies
C) Confined to road construction
D) Conducted primarily through "contracting out" inmates to the highest bidder
E) Abolished completely in most prisons

Question 41

The rehabilitative era of corrections was stimulated by:

A) The American Revolution
B) The Civil War
C) The Great Depression
D) The Martinson report
E) B and C

Question 42

During the 1960s, the Supreme Court recognized the right of inmates to:

A) Maintain access to the courts
B) Challenge the conditions of their confinement
C) Be represented by a lawyer at disciplinary hearings
D) A and B
E) B and C

Question 43

The movement toward determinate sentencing in the 1980s was a result of:

A) Increasing crime rates
B) Dissatisfaction with the medical model
C) More liberal public attitudes
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 44

For correctional institutions, the major impact of the shift to determinate sentencing has been:

A) Improperly trained staff
B) Inequitable parole policies
C) Increasing numbers of sentencing appeals
D) Increasingly crowded facilities
E) Increasing public satisfaction

Question 45

The problem listed above has primarily been addressed by:

A) Changing sentencing practices
B) Returning to the medical model
C) Providing gain time to enable early release
D) Reintegrating offenders into the community upon release
E) Upgrading the quality of correctional administrators

Question 46

The response listed above has defeated a major original purpose of determinate sentencing, which was to:

A) Assure that the offender serves a full, fixed term
B) Make the awarding of parole more equitable
C) Provide sentences with wide-ranging minimums and maximums
D) Offer treatment programs for the inmate's rehabilitation
E) Determine how to expand sentencing options, rather than relying primarily on incarceration

Question 47

During the 1960s, the Supreme Court recognized the right of inmates to:

A)Maintain access to the courts
B)Challenge the conditions of their confinement
C)Be represented by a lawyer at disciplinary hearings
D)A and B
E)B and C

Question 48

The Walnut Street Jail was established by:

A)John Howard
B)Benjamin Franklin
C)Walter Crofton
D)The Quakers
E)The Salvation Army

Question 49

John Howard advocated that:

A)All jails be abolished
B)Jails develop rehabilitative programs
C)Inmates be segregated by age, sex, and crime
D)Salaries be provided to jail staff
E)C and D

Question 50

The first institution intended for long-term punish¬ment, established in Simsbury, Connecticut, just prior to the American Revolution was:

A)Newgate
B)Auburn
C)Walnut Street Jail
D)Sing Sing
E)Alcatraz

Question 51

The transportation of offenders to the U.S. ended as a result of:

A)Massive protests among the colonists, similar to outrage against the tea tax
B)The American Revolution
C)Congress passing the U.S. Bill of Rights
D)England's reinstatement of capital punishment
E)C and D

Question 52

Banishment and exile became popular forms of punishment when:

A)Capital punishment was outlawed in England
B)Debtor's prisons and workhouses were abolished
C)The Industrial Revolution made slave labor unprofitable
D)A and B
E)All of the above

Question 53

The breakdown of the feudal system resulted in:

A)Unemployment and poverty
B)Mass movement from rural to urban areas
C)Establishment of debtor's prisons and workhouses
D)A and B
E)All of the above

Question 54

In early English jails, inmates were charged for:

A)Food
B)A mattress and bed
C)Release
D)A and B
E)All of the above

Question 55

Early English jails operated through funds:

A)Provided by the crown
B)Generated by public contributions
C)Raised through taxes
D)Obtained through inmate fees
E)Raised through tithings

Question 56

The Walnut Street Jail was notable for being the first:

A)U)S. jail
B)Correctional institution designed to reform offenders
C)Institution to use congregate work
D)Institution to implement parole
E)C and D

Question 57

Inmates were expected to be silent at all times. This statement describes:

A)The Pennsylvania System
B)The Auburn System
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Question 58

Inmates slept in individual cells in solitary confinement. This statement describes:

A)The Pennsylvania System
B)The Auburn System
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Question 59

Today, prison industries are generally:

A)Able to produce anything for which there is a market
B)Restricted to producing items that can be used by government agencies
C)Confined to road construction
D)Conducted primarily through "contracting out" inmates to the highest bidder
E)Abolished completely in most prisons

Question 60

The industrial era of corrections ended as a result of:

A)The influence of organized labor
B)The unemployment accompanying the Great Depression
C)Legislation placing restrictions on prison-made products
D)A and B
E)All of the above

Question 61

In the debate between the Auburn and the Pennsylvania system, the one that became the model for U.S. prisons prevailed because it was more:

A)Profitable for the state
B)Compatible with the justice model
C)In keeping with the U.S. Constitution
D)Humane for the inmates
E)Effective for reducing recidivism

Question 62

This system became the basis for correctional institutions in the U.S. This statement describes:

A)The Pennsylvania System
B)The Auburn System
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Question 63

Emphasis was placed on preparation for early release through parole. This statement describes:

A)The Pennsylvania System
B)The Auburn System
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Question 64

During the day, inmates worked in congregate groups. This statement describes:

A)The Pennsylvania System
B)The Auburn System
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Question 65

Inmates were expected to read the Bible and achieve repentance for their crimes. This statement describes:

A)The Pennsylvania System
B)The Auburn System
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Question 66

Convicted offenders waiting to be executed is a characteristic of those being held in:

A)Early English jails
B)U)S. jails today
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Question 67

Convicted offenders serving short sentences is a characteristic of those being held in:

A)Early English jails
B)U)S. jails today
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Question 68

Unconvicted defendants awaiting trial is a characteristic of those being held in:

A)Early English jails
B)U)S. jails today
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Question 69

Under the First Amendment of the Constitution, inmates can file a petition to challenge the conditions of their confinement.

Question 70

Offenders were commonly subjected to public humiliation in the American colonies throughout most of the 18th Century

Question 71

Offenders were commonly subjected to confinement in prison in the American colonies throughout most of the 18th Century

Question 72

Offenders were commonly subjected to mutilation in the American colonies throughout most of the 18th Century

Question 73

Offenders were commonly subjected to capital punishment in the American colonies throughout most of the 18th Century

Question 74

Overall, the Bill of Rights functions to restrict the freedoms of the individual in favor of the rule of law and the interests of society.

Question 75

The U.S. Constitution is based on the belief that preserving individual liberties is even more important than the pursuit of justice.

Question 76

Constitutional protections apply only to those who have earned them by obeying the law.

Question 77

Under the "right of sanctuary," an offender:

A)Who was a member of the clergy could escape punish¬ment for a criminal offense
B)Had the right to live in the sanctuary of his or her own home until trial
C)Was entitled to seek sanctuary from criminal prosecution if his or her rights were violated
D)Could escape by fleeing to certain religious locations such as a church or abbey
E)Was held in secure custody in the sanctuary of a church following conviction

Question 78

According to the concept of "benefit of clergy," an offender:

A)Who could read and write was dealt with more leniently
B)Could be placed under the supervision of a member of the clergy, similar to what we know as probation today
C)Who was a member of the clergy was tried in both civil and church courts
D)B and C
E)All of the above

Question 79

The concept of lex talionis refers to the:

A)Lesser of two evils
B)Law of retaliation
C)Least troublesome alternative
D)Length of institutionalization
E)Least restrictive alternative

Question 80

During ancient primitive times, justice was handled by:

A)Arbitration courts
B)Roman emperors
C)Shire-reeves
D)Crime victims or their families
E)A complex system of trials and sentencing