Deck 6: Sensory Modulation Functions and Disorders

Question 1

Evidence points to the limbic system as playing a role in the modulation of behavior resulting from environmental input that is perceived to be threatening.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

An individual's environments contribute to how one modulates behavior through the use of sensation; thus, sensory modulation is unique to each person.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The cingulate gyrus is primarily responsible for cortical activation or arousal.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

When the body's anxiety system is activated, avoidance behaviors frequently occur.

Question 5

Sensory modulation disorders (SMDs) are always found in conjunction with primary disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Question 6

Aversive responses to movement are always observed during movement or immediately after movement ceases.

Question 7

Evidence suggests that deep pressure input may modulate transmission of pain signals to the central nervous system (CNS).

Question 8

Tactile defensiveness is synonymous with poor tactile discrimination.

Question 9

Children with typical sensory modulation abilities may engage in sensation seeking behaviors (e.g., repeating movement pattern several times).

Question 10

Anxiety has been strongly linked with sensory under-responsivity in research with children.

Question 11

Which sensory processing pattern, as outlined in Dunn's model, is correctly described below?

A)Registration/Bystander: Low neurological threshold, passive self-regulation (respond less to available sensation, missing aspects of sensory input, require a lot of input to "get going")
B)Sensitivity/Sensor: High neurological threshold, passive self-regulation (driven to obtain sensation in greater intensity, frequency, or duration than that routinely available)
C)Seeking/Seeker: High neurological threshold, active self-regulation
D)Avoiding/Avoider: Low neurological threshold, passive self-regulation

Question 12

According to Dunn's conceptual model, which is the most appropriate term to describe a person who requires significant input to get going and who responds less than others to available sensation?

A)Avoider
B)Bystander
C)Sensor
D)Seeker

Question 13

The limbic system does NOT play an essential role in which of the following functions?

A)Learning and memory
B)Motivation and expression of emotion
C)Aggression
D)Visual processing

Question 14

Royeen and Lane proposed that the limbic system's involvement with sensory modulation provides explanations for all of the following EXCEPT _____________.

A)Difficulties with praxis because of an underdeveloped body scheme
B)The presence of defensiveness or dormancy across sensory systems
C)Extreme shifts or inconsistencies in responsivity that are observed in an individual
D)Emotional or social difficulties often accompanying tactile and sensory defensiveness

Question 15

The limbic system includes which combination of structures?

A)Basal ganglia, amygdala, substantia nigra, hypothalamus
B)Fornix, corpus callosum, hippocampus, thalamus, pineal gland
C)Amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum, fornix, mammillary bodies
D)Pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain, inferior colliculus

Question 16

Research on valence and arousal suggests that the strongest emotional response will be generated with ____________.

A)Highly arousing sensory input that is perceived as strongly positive
B)Highly arousing sensory input with high negative valence
C)Sensory input with low arousal effects with high positive valence
D)Sensory input with low arousal effects that are perceived as strongly negative

Question 17

You are an occupational therapist working with a child with sensory over-responsivity. The clinic is very busy and the child appears withdrawn. The best course of action to take is ____________________.

A)Keep everything the same.The child just needs time to adjust.
B)Reduce novel stimuli and decrease intensity of input.
C)Introduce intense stimuli to create a higher arousal level.
D)Lead the child to a trampoline and ask him or her to jump as high as possible.

Question 18

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been most highly linked to sensory modulation disorders (SMDs), specifically higher sensitivity to environmental input?

A)Dopamine (DA)
B)Norepinepherine (NE)
C)Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
D)Serotonin (5HT)

Question 19

Which of the following patterns of sensory modulation disorder (SMD) has been associated with a decreased ability to establish or maintain intimate relationships in adulthood?

A)Tactile defensiveness
B)Aversive responses to vestibular or proprioceptive stimulation
C)Gravitational insecurity
D)Taste or smell sensitivity

Question 20

Which of the following patterns of stress responsivity is NOT associated with sensory over-responsivity?

A)Elevated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)activity with increased cortisol release
B)Heightened sympathetic nervous system (SNS)activity associated with fight, flight, or flee behaviors
C)Heightened parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)activity increasing blood flow to the gut
D)Central release of norepinephrine (NE)supporting focused attention and increased vigilance

Question 21

Match the brain structure to the function.

-Structure-Hippocampus

A)Function-Plays a role in attending to and interacting with stimulus in the environment
B)Function-Complex structure with numerous connections that may play a role in attaching emotion or meaning to sensory input
C)Function-Plays a role in fear conditioning and emotion recognition; activation is linked with increased vigilance and attention
D)Function-Linked with spatial mapping and memory, especially memory consolidation
E)Function-Integrates information from the cortex with input from the spinal cord and brainstem; the control center for autonomic nervous system (ANS)mechanisms

Question 22

Match the brain structure to the function.

-Structure-Septal region

A)Function-Plays a role in attending to and interacting with stimulus in the environment
B)Function-Complex structure with numerous connections that may play a role in attaching emotion or meaning to sensory input
C)Function-Plays a role in fear conditioning and emotion recognition; activation is linked with increased vigilance and attention
D)Function-Linked with spatial mapping and memory, especially memory consolidation
E)Function-Integrates information from the cortex with input from the spinal cord and brainstem; the control center for autonomic nervous system (ANS)mechanisms

Question 23

Match the brain structure to the function.

-Structure-Cingulate gyrus

A)Function-Plays a role in attending to and interacting with stimulus in the environment
B)Function-Complex structure with numerous connections that may play a role in attaching emotion or meaning to sensory input
C)Function-Plays a role in fear conditioning and emotion recognition; activation is linked with increased vigilance and attention
D)Function-Linked with spatial mapping and memory, especially memory consolidation
E)Function-Integrates information from the cortex with input from the spinal cord and brainstem; the control center for autonomic nervous system (ANS)mechanisms

Question 24

Match the brain structure to the function.

-Structure-Hypothalamus

A)Function-Plays a role in attending to and interacting with stimulus in the environment
B)Function-Complex structure with numerous connections that may play a role in attaching emotion or meaning to sensory input
C)Function-Plays a role in fear conditioning and emotion recognition; activation is linked with increased vigilance and attention
D)Function-Linked with spatial mapping and memory, especially memory consolidation
E)Function-Integrates information from the cortex with input from the spinal cord and brainstem; the control center for autonomic nervous system (ANS)mechanisms

Question 25

Match the brain structure to the function.

-Structure-Amygdala

A)Function-Plays a role in attending to and interacting with stimulus in the environment
B)Function-Complex structure with numerous connections that may play a role in attaching emotion or meaning to sensory input
C)Function-Plays a role in fear conditioning and emotion recognition; activation is linked with increased vigilance and attention
D)Function-Linked with spatial mapping and memory, especially memory consolidation
E)Function-Integrates information from the cortex with input from the spinal cord and brainstem; the control center for autonomic nervous system (ANS)mechanisms