Deck 11: Industries, Ideas, and the Struggle for Reform, 1815-1848

Question 1

Before 1815, two revolutions had taken place in Europe: a political one associated with the French revolution and the Napoleonic empire and an economic one-the Industrial Revolution. These two revolutions were:

A) intimately connected.
B) partially connected since many inventions crucial for the English industrial revolution had been developed by scientists of revolutionary France.
C) partially connected since much of English interests in industrial technology had been inspired by the French Enlightenment.
D) independent of each other.

Answer 1

independent of each other.

Question 2

After the signing of the peace treaty at Vienna in 1815, the process of industrialization:

A) worked in favor of the conservative European settlement.
B) worked against the conservative European settlement.
C) had no influence on the European continent.
D) None of these are correct.

Answer 2

worked against the conservative European settlement.

Question 3

In England, the enclosure acts led to the concentration of land in the hands of a relatively small class of wealthy landlords, which:

A) reduced the food supply since the large landowners were only interested in raising cattle.
B) reduced the food supply, thereby forcing the English to develop an industry to pay for food imports.
C) resulted in vast, semicollective methods of cultivation.
D) raised the productivity of land and of farm labor.

Answer 3

raised the productivity of land and of farm labor.

Question 4

An important political factor that made the Industrial Revolution possible in England was:

A) George III's support for industrialization.
B) the ascendancy of the property-owning classes in Parliament, which assured the passage of the enclosure acts that were instrumental in bringing about the Agricultural Revolution.
C) William Pitt's foresights related to the industrial revolution and the allocation of government funds to encourage new inventions.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 5

All of the following statements are true regarding England's agricultural revolution except:

A) landowners made more use of fertilizers such as animal manure.
B) landowners introduced useful implements such as the new seed drill and the horse-hoe.
C) landowners brought in new crops such as turnips.
D) landowners developed new and improved methods of semicollective cultivation.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain in its early phase, down to 1830 or 1840?

A) It was accompanied by most of the British working people being employed in factories.
B) It took place principally in perfecting the steam engine for use in coal mines.
C) It took place principally in the manufacture of textiles.
D) It placed great demand on skilled labor and set high standards for wages.

Question 7

For the most part, the new factories in Britain:

A) preferred skilled labor.
B) required only unskilled labor.
C) were not easily mechanized.
D) had highly organized workers.

Question 8

During the late 1800s, the factories of England paid good wages by the standards for unskilled workers. The level of wages was:

A) sufficient for a worker to support a family.
B) insufficient for a worker to support a family.
C) constantly improving.
D) sufficient for a worker to support a family and provide a small surplus for savings.

Question 9

Romanticism, a literary and artistic movement during the first decades of the nineteenth century, _____.

A) insisted on the value of feeling as well as of reason
B) condemned the art of the Middle Ages
C) focused almost exclusively on romantic love
D) believed that the average human being, rather than the individual genius, would make the most important cultural discoveries

Question 10

During the first half of the nineteenth century, classical liberalism entailed all of the following except:

A) a free market economy with no government interference.
B) written constitutions, at least outside of England.
C) freedom of the press.
D) voting rights for all adult males.

Question 11

Most nineteenth-century radicals:

A) supported a limited form of democracy.
B) on the Continent supported constitutional or limited monarchy.
C) demanded fundamental changes of political and social institutions in line with each country's history and customs.
D) demanded fundamental changes without regard for history or local customs.

Question 12

Before 1848, most socialists supported all of the following except:

A) communal ownership of productive assets.
B) fairer or more equal distribution of income.
C) a violent revolution to overthrow the exploiting middle class.
D) social and economic equality.

Question 13

A major criticism of the private enterprise system made by pre-1848 socialists was that:

A) it was aimless, chaotic, and outrageously unjust.
B) it gave too much economic power to wealthy owners.
C) it promoted competition rather than harmony, coordination, and organization.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 14

In the context of socialism, which of the following is true of the working classes of France during the Industrial Revolution?

A) They worked in industries alongside the wealthier, property-owning classes in harmony.
B) They were goaded by the pressures of industrialization as new factories spread across France.
C) They worked by and for themselves without the intervention of private capitalists or the government.
D) They were politically active and well represented in the law courts.

Question 15

The collaborative work of John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor suggested that:

A) women should focus more on cultural and social rights rather than on legal ones.
B) men and women were inherently equal.
C) society would benefit by including women in public life.
D) men and women were inherently equal and society would benefit by including women in public life.

Question 16

Joseph Mazzini, a well-known nationalist philosopher, _____.

A) called for the expulsion or Italianization of all minorities in Italy
B) believed that nationality was a holy cause in which the most generous and humane qualities found expression
C) claimed the superiority of Italy over all other nations
D) All of these are correct.

Question 17

For Hegel , the state was the "march of God through the world." Thus, he believed that:

A) German unification would only be realized through conquest.
B) German unification would be led by religious leaders.
C) a strong state was the embodiment of reason and liberty.
D) the state advances through space and not time.

Question 18

Friedrich List, in his National System of Political Economy, _____.

A) insisted that Adam Smith's laissez-faire ideas should be adopted in Germany
B) declared that England should be Germany's model for economic development
C) called for high tariff walls to protect the development of German industry
D) denounced the historical school of economics

Question 19

Which of the following is true of conservatism in the era between 1815 and 1848?

A) It embraced the Enlightenment theories of universal natural rights.
B) It rejected the ideas of Edmund Burke on political philosophy.
C) It upheld the constitutional and representative government sought by liberals.
D) It upheld the institutions of absolute monarchy, aristocracy, and church.

Question 20

In 1815, a "white terror" in France broke out that led to the:

A) murder of Bonapartists, Protestants, and republicans.
B) killing of supporters of the Bourbon restoration.
C) assassination of Louis XVIII.
D) murder of aristocrats and priests.

Question 21

The Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 enacted by the diet of the Bund:

A) brought the Burschenschaft under the personal control of Metternich.
B) imposed an effective check on the growth of liberal and nationalist ideas in Germany.
C) granted, for the first time, academic freedom in German universities.
D) guaranteed the independence of the German states from Austrian control.

Question 22

Which of the following is true of the Six Acts of 1819?

A) It authorized the right of public meeting.
B) It out-lawed the search of private houses for arms.
C) It out-lawed "seditious and blasphemous" literature.
D) It reduced the stamp tax on newspapers.

Question 23

In 1820, the governments of _____ were overthrown easily by revolutions.

A) Portugal and Tuscany
B) Spain and Naples
C) France and Belgium
D) Piedmont and Prussia

Question 24

Despite the reactionary policies of many European governments, the revolutionary governments of Spanish America maintained their independence because of _____ objection to military intervention.

A) Britain's
B) France's
C) Russia's
D) Austria's

Question 25

The wall of reaction created in Europe by Metternich and other conservatives really collapsed with the:

A) Peterloo Massacre.
B) Decembrist Revolt.
C) success of the Greek revolution against Turkey.
D) July Revolution of 1830 in France.

Question 26

The French revolution of 1830:

A) toppled Charles X, replacing the monarchy with a new republic headed by Lafayette.
B) ended with the monarchy of Louis Philippe, who shared power with a chamber elected by a small percentage of adult males.
C) produced a constitutional monarchy based on voting rights for all adult males.
D) was suppressed by the king with Austrian and Russian aid.

Question 27

Delacroix's famous painting "Liberty Leading the People" illustrates:

A) a realistic view of the revolution of 1830.
B) a romantic, classless view of the revolution.
C) a Marxian view of the revolution (i.e., as class struggle).
D) the hatred, anger, and immorality characteristic of the fighting that took place during the revolution.

Question 28

Britain may have been on the verge of a violent revolution in the 1830s. One crucial factor that helped to avoid a revolution was:

A) the high quality of its standing army.
B) the institution of Parliament.
C) the world's first professional police force.
D) the English sense of deference and attachment to their Lords.

Question 29

On the eve of the reform of the House of Commons in 1832, _____.

A) the new factory towns elected no representatives to the Parliament
B) some boroughs, i.e., urban centers having the right to elect members of Parliament, were uninhabited
C) one borough was under the waters of the North Sea
D) All of these are correct.

Question 30

Which of the following is true of the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835?

A) It was the first effective legislation on child labor in Britain and provided for paid inspectors and procedures for enforcement.
B) It forbade the labor of children less than 9 years old in textile mills in Britain.
C) It broke up the old local oligarchies and brought in uniform electoral and administrative machinery in English cities.
D) It purported to regulate the conditions in which pauper children in English cities were employed in textile mills.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of the Charter of 1838?

A) It urged for the annual election of the House of Commons by an indirect election.
B) It demanded that only gentlemen of independent income should serve in Parliament.
C) It called for a restoration of the property qualifications for membership in the House of Commons.
D) It demanded the annual election of the House of Commons by universal suffrage for all adult males.

Question 32

What were the social, economic, and political factors that combined to bring about an industrial revolution in England? Why was England the first country in the world to experience such an economic revolution?

Question 33

What were the social consequences of the Industrial Revolution in Britain? Did the standard of living of the average working person improve or deteriorate during the early decades of industrialization?

Question 34

What were the major characteristics of Romanticism? What impact did it have on the European culture in the first half of the 19^th century? How did Romanticism differ from Enlightenment?

Question 35

Compare and contrast the development of nationalism in any two of the following countries: Italy, Germany, Russia, and other Slavic countries of Europe.

Question 36

Describe Metternich's policies that were designed to prevent and repress revolutionary activity. How did these policies benefit Europe?

Question 37

Describe the political, social, and economic ideas of classical liberalism. What would a contemporary socialist find objectionable in these ideas?

Question 38

Why did France, but not Britain, have a revolution in the 1830s?

Question 39

What were the factors that contributed to the emergence of feminism in the early nineteenth century? What was the relationship between feminists and other radicals during this period?

Question 40

Why did the Midlands become industrialized and densely populated when, formerly, most people had lived in the south?

Question 41

What inventions and technological breakthroughs made possible the growth of the Midlands as an industrial center?

Question 42

How did language shape or impede political organization and national unity in the early nineteenth century?

Question 43

Within the diamond-shaped zone, why is it so difficult to give a realistic idea of overlapping languages? Describe the various ethnicities and languages within that zone.

Question 44

What were the enclosure acts? How did they set the stage for Britain's industrial revolution?

Question 45

How did socialists differ from republicans? What common ground did they share?

Question 46

Compare and contrast egalitarian and French feminisms.

Question 47

Why did the new Spanish American republics receive support from certain European powers? How did the U.S. react to the new republics?

Question 48

Evaluate the July Revolution of 1830. In what ways was it revolutionary as well as non-revolutionary?

Question 49

Why did the Reform Bill of 1832 have an ambiguous impact?

Question 50

Who were the Chartists? Why did their movement become so popular in the nineteenth century?