Deck 4: Socialization

Question 1

Which of the following is True about the self?

A) It is a distinct identity that sets us apart from others.
B) It is a fluid identity that does not begin to take shape until adolescence.
C) It is a static entity developed in early childhood.
D) It is a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.

Answer 1

It is a distinct identity that sets us apart from others.

Question 2

For a student sitting in a classroom, the "I" is the part of the self that engenders which of these reactions?

A) fearing embarrassment as a result of making an incorrect statement
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) speaking up during a class discussion
D) regretting staying silent when someone else vocalizes the student's correct thought

Answer 2

speaking up during a class discussion

Question 3

Emily brings her new boyfriend, Ryan, to Thanksgiving dinner at her grandmother's house. Emily's family is Catholic, and Ryan is Jewish. She notices that her grandmother and aunt seem upset and purposely ignore Ryan during dinner. Her relatives' attitude is an example of

A) ethnocentrism.
B) implicit bias.
C) social categorization.
D) prejudice.

Answer 3

prejudice.

Question 4

Of all the various agents of socialization, peer groups have consistently been shown to have the greatest impact.

Question 5

Which of the following defines Erving Goffman's concept of face-work?

A) the effort to maintain a proper image and avoid embarrassment in public
B) the ability to alter how others see themselves
C) altering the presentation of self in order to satisfy particular audiences
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 6

Explain and evaluate Charles Horton Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self. How plausible do you find this as an explanation for the emergence of the "self"?

Question 7

Which of the following is True about gender roles?

A) They are the biologically determined patterns of behavior that are appropriate for males and females.
B) They are the biological characteristics of males and females.
C) They are expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
D) They are the universally consistent learned behaviors of males and females.

Question 8

Bob is on his first date with Mary. He really likes her, so he tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too. This is an example of

A) idealization of the other.
B) role taking.
C) impression management.
D) face-work.

Question 9

The process of socialization can take place only during the first few years of life, meaning that children who miss this process can never become fully socialized.

Question 10

Which of the following was a finding of sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler regarding peer groups?

A) Children move easily within the social structure.
B) Popularity undermines gender stereotypes.
C) All of the answer choices are correct.
D) A social pecking order is established early.

Question 11

Which of the following is True about the dramaturgical approach?

A) It is the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
B) It is a phrase used to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interaction with others.
C) It is a framework developed by George Herbert Mead.
D) It is a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.

Question 12

The belief that our group's values and beliefs are superior to the values and beliefs of other groups is the definition of

A) social identification.
B) association.
C) ethnocentrism.
D) implicit bias.

Question 13

Institutions such as day care centers, hospitals, and mental health care centers reflect what change in society?

A) the declining role of the state as caretaker
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) the declining need for caretakers
D) the declining role of family as caretaker

Question 14

Television combines major aspects of which of the following mass media?

A) radio and cinema
B) the Internet and cinema
C) radio and the Internet
D) recordings and mobile phones

Question 15

When we unconsciously assign positive or negative characteristics to certain groups of people, we are demonstrating

A) prejudice.
B) implicit bias.
C) patriotism.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 16

Which of the following has become an increasingly influential agent of socialization over the past century?

A) family
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) religion
D) the mass media

Question 17

According to a national survey, the key event that marks the rite of passage into adulthood in the United States is

A) completing formal schooling.
B) celebrating the eighteenth birthday.
C) reaching the legal drinking age.
D) getting married.

Question 18

Of the three stages of self-development identified by Mead, the capacity to assume the perspective of another and to respond from this perspective does NOT occur until the game stage.

Question 19

One implication of Charles Cooley's idea of the "looking-glass self" is that we can form self-identities that are based on incorrect assumptions about how others see us.

Question 20

Which of the following is True about the sociological concept of significant others?

A) It is a term reserved specifically for individuals with whom we have romantic relationships.
B) It is a term for altering the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances.
C) It is a term that refers to individuals who are most important in the development of the self throughout our lives.
D) It is a term for the moment when a person develops a conscious perception of having an identity that is distinct from others.

Question 21

Compare and contrast how a sociologist from a conflict perspective and one from the functionalist perspective would view socialization. How would the perspective of an interactionist differ from both these views?

Question 22

Which of the following BEST describes the process of socialization?

A) mentally assuming the perspective of another
B) learning the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture
C) discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life
D) striving to impose a dominant culture on a subordinated group

Question 23

Which of the following is the first phase of the looking-glass self?

A) imagining how others see us
B) developing a feeling about ourselves
C) imagining how attractive, intelligent, shy, or strange we are
D) imagining how others evaluate what we think they see

Question 24

Which of the following is True about the midlife crisis?

A) It is the third transitional period experienced by men and women.
B) It is a period in which people realize that they have not achieved basic life goals and ambitions and have little time left to do so.
C) All of the answer choices are correct.
D) It is a period of stressful self-evaluation experienced by men and women that begins around 50 years of age.

Question 25

Goffman's concept of impression management implies that people alter their presentation of self to meet the expectations of different audiences.

Question 26

Of the three main sociological perspectives, the dramaturgical approach, as popularized by Erving Goffman, would be considered an example of the interactionist perspective.

Question 27

Which of the following is True about adolescents in the workplace?

A) Most adolescents work to assist with their parent's household expenses.
B) Most adolescents begin working only after their formal schooling has ended.
C) Adolescents work primarily to explore vocational opportunities.
D) Adolescents work primarily to earn spending money for themselves.

Question 28

Which of the following do life course theorists argue?

A) Socialization continues through all stages of the life cycle.
B) Socialization stops when a person reaches the end of formal education.
C) Socialization stops after a person experiences a rite of passage.
D) Socialization stops after a person leaves the parental home.

Question 29

Tanya is sitting in a large college lecture hall with 300 other students. Although she has the urge to pick her nose, she refrains because she is afraid of how the other members of the audience will react. Tanya's behavior is being controlled by

A) None of the answer choices are correct.
B) the generalized other.
C) significant others.
D) role taking.

Question 30

People who are no longer young, but are not yet old, are referred to by social scientists as the sandwich generation.

Question 31

Doris, who is sixty, decides to return to the workforce after her children leave home for college. Even though she has a degree from a top university and has extensive work history in her field, she is passed over for a job in favor of a much-younger, less-qualified applicant. Doris suspects she may have been a victim of

A) prejudice.
B) implicit bias.
C) gender discrimination.
D) ageism.

Question 32

Which of the following comes LAST in Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's five stages of the experience of dying?

A) anger
B) acceptance
C) depression
D) termination

Question 33

George Herbert Mead argued that the self has two core components

A) the "I" and the "Me."
B) the "Us" and the "We."
C) the "You" and the "I."
D) the "I" and the "We."

Question 34

The first politician to benefit from the influence of television during his political campaign was

A) Dwight D. Eisenhower.
B) John F. Kennedy.
C) Ronald Reagan.
D) Richard M. Nixon.

Question 35

What are the two core elements that distinguish the Internet as a mass medium?

A) information dissemination and retrieval
B) video sharing and blogging
C) information retrieval and social networking
D) network speed and reliability

Question 36

Identify the various agents of socialization and assess the importance of each in the formation of a social self. To what extent have developments in technology and mass media increased, or reduced the importance of traditional agents of socialization?

Question 37

Which of the following features is the LEAST important aspect of mobile phone technology for people in developing nations?

A) expansion of social networks
B) ease of maintaining contact with family members
C) access to GPS technology and mapping
D) greater access to jobs

Question 38

Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis observed that schools in the United States focus on

A) teaching students to emphasize their individualized selves.
B) transmitting academic content.
C) developing an entrepreneurial mindset in their students.
D) socializing students for the workplace.

Question 39

How can the studies of feral children and the studies of infant primates help to clarify the debate over the relative influence of nature versus nurture in the socialization process?

Question 40

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, people are happiest when the "I" component of the self has total control over the "Me" portion of the self.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is True?

A) People in all societies experience adolescence between the ages of 15 and 17.
B) The quinceañera ceremony is considered a rite of passage for Hispanic girls.
C) All of the answer choices are correct.
D) All segments of American society celebrate the arrival of adulthood with the same rites of passage.

Question 42

According to the theory of the looking-glass self, our self-identities are based on

A) how other people view us.
B) what others tell us about ourselves.
C) our perceptions of how others see us.
D) how we view ourselves.

Question 43

Humans begin internalizing culture

A) at birth.
B) in the womb.
C) in school.
D) once they learn to speak.

Question 44

The theory that the approach of death forces older people to drop most of their social roles is

A) reorientation theory.
B) gerontology.
C) activity theory.
D) disengagement theory.

Question 45

Activity theory tries to explain why social interaction has to change for aging adults.

Question 46

The sociologist Erving Goffman is associated with which of the following concepts?

A) face-work
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) impression management
D) the dramaturgical approach

Question 47

The process of discarding old patterns of behavior and accepting new ones as part of a life transition is referred to as anticipatory socialization.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of total institutions?

A) All aspects of life within a total institution are designed to fulfill the purpose of the organization.
B) Any activities within the institution are conducted in the company of others in the same circumstances.
C) All aspects of life are conducted in the same place and are under the control of a single authority.
D) The authorities devise rules and schedule activities after consultation with the participants.

Question 49

Activity theory contends that

A) regular exercise has a greater positive effect on quality of life for older people than social engagement.
B) older people have a reduced need for social interaction.
C) couples who have been married more than fifty years have a higher quality of life.
D) older people have the same need for social interaction as any other group.

Question 50

In Robert Atchley's conceptualization of the retirement process, the "near phase" refers to the

A) development of a realistic view of retirement alternatives.
B) point in time when a person establishes a specific retirement date from a job.
C) time when the person can no longer engage in basic, day-to-day activities such as self-care and housework.
D) development of a more realistic view of the retirement process.

Question 51

A woman who was socialized from infancy to become a wife and mother settles comfortably into being a homemaker in her twenties and early thirties. However, her husband dies suddenly, so she finds that she must enter the paid labor force to support herself and her two children. This woman will most likely have to undergo a process of

A) resocialization.
B) anticipatory socialization.
C) reverse socialization.
D) socialization.

Question 52

The life course approach to the study of political socialization tends to focus on those social factors, such as race or gender, that affect people throughout their lives.

Question 53

For George Herbert Mead, the self represents an ongoing interaction between

A) our socialized self and our imaginary self.
B) our socialized self and our acting self.
C) our socialized self and our isolated self.
D) our acting self and our playing self.

Question 54

Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise in life expectancy around the world?

A) developments in health care
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) improvements in working conditions
D) advances in nutrition

Question 55

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, the preparatory stage occurs

A) when children grasp not only their own social positions but also those of others around them.
B) when children become able to pretend to be other people.
C) when children imitate the people around them, particularly family members.
D) when children begin to develop the looking-glass self.

Question 56

George Herbert Mead's theory of the formation of the self involved differentiating between the "I" and the "Me." Explain Mead's distinction between I and Me. How do these two concepts fit into Mead's broader four-stage model of the development of the self?

Question 57

Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys and "artificial mothers" revealed that

A) the monkeys were as likely to become attached to the artificial mother that provided food as the artificial mother that provided comfort.
B) monkeys developed greater social attachments based on their need for intimacy than on their need for food.
C) monkeys rejected "artificial mothers" entirely.
D) monkeys developed greater social attachments based on their need for food than on their need for intimacy.

Question 58

A bat mitzvah, a quinceañera ceremony, and a Catholic confirmation are all examples of

A) rites of passage.
B) impression management.
C) role taking.
D) face-work.

Question 59

The sandwich generation can BEST be described as

A) adults who realize that their parents have died and that they are now the oldest generation.
B) Neither answer is correct.
C) adults who try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children.
D) Both answers are correct.

Question 60

The analysis of Genie and Danielle is important because it emphasizes the importance of

A) genetics in human development.
B) the consistency of the developmental processes.
C) the earliest socialization experiences in human development.
D) the sensorimotor stage of development.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven stages in Robert Atchley's theory of the retirement process?

A) stability
B) honeymoon
C) All of the answers are part of the process.
D) orientation

Question 62

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an example of a significant other?

A) a childhood friend
B) a television character
C) a parent
D) a teacher

Question 63

Which of the following statements is True about the looking-glass self?

A) It is your conscious perception of your identity as distinct from others.
B) It only reflects the opinions of your family and close friends.
C) It is the part of you that walks, sings, speaks, and performs other social actions.
D) It is a theory that you become who you are based on how you think others see you.