Deck 16: Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Identity development in adolescence is influenced by gender and not by ethnicity.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

According to Erikson, adolescents who resolve their identity crisis satisfactorily develop the virtue of courage.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

When middle-aged people look back on their lives, they most commonly trace a path from foreclosure to moratorium to identity achievement.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Awareness of sexuality is an important aspect of identity formation, profoundly affecting self-image and relationships.

Question 5

Although present in younger children, sexual orientation generally becomes a pressing issue in middle childhood.

Question 6

Imaging studies have found differences in brain structure between homosexuals and heterosexuals of the other sex.

Question 7

The percentage of U.S. adolescents who have had intercourse has increased over the past few decades.

Question 8

The best safeguard for sexually active teens is regular use of contraceptive pills, which give some protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as well as against pregnancy.

Question 9

The most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), accounting for about half of all STIs diagnosed in 15- to 24-year-olds each year, is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Question 10

By late adolescence, emotionality tends to become less stable than in early adolescence.

Question 11

Individuation refers to cliquishness and intolerance of differences, which act as defenses against identity confusion.

Question 12

Both adolescents and parents see personal issues, such as how teens spend their time and money, as least subject to disclosure.

Question 13

Authoritative parenting exercises appropriate control over a child's feelings, beliefs, and sense of self but not over the child's conduct.

Question 14

Research has shown that brothers report more intimacy than sisters or mixed pairs.

Question 15

Both clique and crowd affiliations become stronger as adolescence progresses.

Question 16

The increased intimacy of adolescent friendship reflects cognitive as well as emotional development and is related to psychological adjustment and social competence.

Question 17

Poor children are no more likely than other children to commit antisocial acts.

Question 18

Teenagers who do not see positive alternatives or who come from dysfunctional families are more likely to adopt a permanently antisocial lifestyle.

Question 19

In the minds of many people today, the onset of adulthood is marked not so much by external criteria but rather by a sense of autonomy, self-control, and personal responsibility.

Question 20

There are only two criteria for adulthood cited by emerging adult Americans: accepting responsibility for oneself and making independent decisions.

Question 21

In Erikson's terminology, a coherent conception of the self made up of goals, values, and beliefs to which a person is solidly committed is called

A) the id.
B) conscience.
C) the superego.
D) identity.

Question 22

According to Erikson, the chief task of adolescence is to confront the crisis of ________ in order to become a unique adult with a coherent sense of self and a valued role in society.

A) intimacy versus isolation
B) identity versus identity confusion
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) generativity versus stagnation

Question 23

In the context of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following is true of identity versus role confusion?

A) An adolescent understands the processes and contexts of human identity that are based on five levels of environmental influence.
B) An adolescent uses principles of learning theory to encourage the desired identity or eliminate undesired ones.
C) An adolescent seeks to develop a coherent sense of self, including the role he or she is to play in society.
D) An adolescent has no commitment and no serious consideration of alternatives.

Question 24

Marge, a gifted dancer and sprinter, is a popular girl in school. When she was in middle school, she had enjoyed asking questions in class and participating in math quizzes. In high school, she becomes part of a clique that makes fun of nerds. She likes her friends, and to fit in, she feigns disinterest in studies. However, she often asks herself if she is being a coward. Marge is most likely in the ________ stage of psychosocial development.

A) identity versus identity confusion
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) autonomy versus shame
D) ego integrity versus despair

Question 25

According to Erikson, a period of time that allows young people to search for commitments to which they can be faithful is known as

A) the internalization of schemes.
B) adolescent rebellion.
C) the latent stage.
D) the psychosocial moratorium.

Question 26

Nabil is a Lebanese American teenager who grew up in a predominantly white neighborhood in Michigan. In middle school, he often wondered why few of his classmates looked similar to him. When he entered his teens, he was doubtful whether girls of other ethnic communities would date him. Thanks to his parents' support and his school's efforts to celebrate multiculturalism, he is now proud of his ethnic identity while also confident in developing relationships with people from other communities. In the context of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, Nabil has now developed the virtue of

A) fidelity.
B) ego integrity.
C) industry.
D) generativity.

Question 27

When 21-year-old Amanda entered adolescence, her acne was just a minor problem that occasionally made her feel conscious. With time, however, the thought that her acne made her look ugly became more persistent. It reached a point where she refused to meet people and considered multiple surgeries. Now Amanda is diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder and thinks everyone hates her for her acne. In the context of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, Amanda has most likely failed to develop the virtue of

A) ego integrity.
B) industry.
C) fidelity.
D) generativity.

Question 28

Which of the following most closely matches Erikson's concept of fidelity?

A) identification with a set of values
B) promoting freedom and self-reliance
C) suppressing negative emotions
D) accepting one's shortcomings

Question 29

Alicia Lee is an American of mixed heritage. Initially, she found it confusing when some people treated her as a foreigner, sometimes even with subtle hints of racism. Later, she connected with other people who had similar experiences. Over time, through trial and error, she found a strategy that worked best for her to deal with her confusion. Alicia is in the ________ category of identity status.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) identity achievement
D) identity diffusion

Question 30

Research on identity formation in a number of cultures suggests that people in the ________ category of Marcia's identity statuses tend to be more mature and more socially competent than people in the other three categories.

A) moratorium
B) identity diffusion
C) identity achievement
D) foreclosure

Question 31

According to Marcia, the identity status in which a person who has not spent time considering alternatives is committed to other people's plans for his or her life is known as

A) moratorium.
B) foreclosure.
C) identity diffusion.
D) identity achievement.

Question 32

Sixteen-year-old Bella is in a dilemma. She wants to be part of the theater club in her school. The club requires her to stay back after school for practice. Bella's family is facing a financial crisis, and she works after school to support her family. Bella decides to talk to her parents about her interest while also reading more about theater. Bella is most likely in the ________ category of identity status.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) identity achievement
D) identity diffusion

Question 33

According to Marcia, the identity status characterized by an absence of commitment and a lack of serious consideration of alternatives is known as

A) identity achievement.
B) identity diffusion.
C) moratorium.
D) foreclosure.

Question 34

Rick has been postponing having a conversation with his parents about choosing his major in college. He either lashes out at them or tells them that he is still thinking about it. In reality, he wants to avoid making a decision. Rick is in the ________ category of identity status.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) identity achievement
D) identity diffusion

Question 35

In the context of gender differences in identity formation, which of the following statements based on the views of different psychological researchers is correct?

A) According to Gilligan, girls and women judge themselves on their ability to care for others and themselves.
B) According to Erikson, women must achieve identity before they achieve intimacy.
C) According to Gilligan, female identity achievement is based on the ability to achieve a separate identity.
D) Research on Marcia's identity statuses has revealed several gender differences.

Question 36

Joshua has done little or no exploration of his ethnicity and has not really given it much thought. Which of the following is his ethnic identity status?

A) diffused
B) foreclosed
C) moratorium
D) achieved

Question 37

Cathy has done little or no exploration of her ethnicity but has positive feelings about it because of the attitudes she absorbed at home. Which of the following is her ethnic identity status?

A) diffused
B) foreclosed
C) moratorium
D) achieved

Question 38

Isabella has begun to explore her ethnicity but is confused about what it means to her. According to research, which of the following represents Isabella's ethnic identity status?

A) diffused
B) foreclosed
C) moratorium
D) achieved

Question 39

In the context of ethnic factors in identity formation, which of the following is true of cultural socialization?

A) It includes practices that teach children about their racial or ethnic heritage.
B) It is positive in nature in all cases.
C) It involves preparing children in every culture to experience oppression and racism.
D) It results in a weaker and negative ethnic identity among an adolescent than other children do.

Question 40

Prince is a 17-year-old boy. His parents are immigrants from Africa and have been staying in the United States for 20 years. They try to teach him about their ethnic heritage and promote their native culture to a certain extent, and they also observe most African celebrations. In the context of ethnic factors in identity formation, Prince's parents exhibit ________ in this scenario.

A) social construction
B) cultural socialization
C) moratorium
D) identity diffusion

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true about homosexuality?

A) The psychiatric community continues to classify homosexuality as a mental disorder.
B) The more older biological brothers a man has, the more likely he is to be gay.
C) Imaging studies have found similarities in brain structure between homosexuals and heterosexuals of the same sex.
D) Nongenetic factors do not play a part in a person's sexual orientation.

Question 42

Male babies that later identify as gay are more likely to

A) have no siblings.
B) weigh more than average at birth.
C) have mothers who experience miscarriages.
D) have a different 2D:4D ratio than heterosexual men.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is typically true about the differences in the 2D:4D ratio between lesbian and heterosexual women?

A) Lesbian women have a lower 2D:4D ratio than do heterosexual women.
B) Lesbian women have a higher 2D:4D ratio than do heterosexual women.
C) There is no difference in the 2D:4D ratio between lesbian and heterosexual women.
D) Lesbian women with more than two older biological sisters have a higher 2D:4D ratio than others who do not.

Question 44

One of the most important predictors of early sexual activity is

A) poor self-esteem.
B) the desire to start a family.
C) strict religious upbringing.
D) peer group norms supporting sexual activity.

Question 45

In the context of sexual behavior among adolescents, which of the following is true of sexting?

A) It is excluded from prosecution under child pornography laws.
B) It increases self-esteem and reduces depression and anxiety among teens.
C) It is associated with an increased likelihood of teens having oral, anal, or vaginal sex.
D) It results in having no sexual partners among adolescents.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true about sexual behavior among adolescents?

A) In the United States, few adolescents engage in noncoital forms of genital sexual activity.
B) The best safeguard for sexually active teens is regular use of condoms, which give some protection against pregnancy.
C) The proportion of teens who engage in sexual behavior via electronic sources declines with age because of advances in cognitive development.
D) Abstinence-only courses and virginity pledges have been shown to delay sexual activity among adolescents.

Question 47

Unlike comprehensive sex education programs, abstinence-only programs exclusively discuss

A) sexuality and sexual identity.
B) birth control.
C) sexually transmitted infections.
D) pledges to maintain virginity.

Question 48

Which of the following is least likely to reduce teenage pregnancy rates?

A) comprehensive sex education
B) abstinence-only programs
C) access to family planning services
D) programs that focus on raising self-esteem

Question 49

Bantruse High School in Nevada has decided to offer sex education from fifth grade. The school administration has put together a diverse panel to decide which curriculum to adopt. Mark, a member of the panel, proposes that the curriculum mainly focus on the message that sex outside of marriage has harmful consequences and not on contraceptives or sexually transmitted infections. Sheila, another panel member, disagrees and suggests a comprehensive sex education program. According to research, which of the following statements is true?

A) Mark's approach is better than Sheila's at preventing teen pregnancy.
B) Sheila's approach is better than Mark's at preventing teen pregnancy.
C) Both their approaches are equally effective at preventing teen pregnancy.
D) Both their approaches are ineffective at preventing teen pregnancy.

Question 50

The most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), accounting for about half of all STIs diagnosed in 15- to 24-year-olds each year, is genital warts, which is caused by

A) herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1).
B) human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6).
C) the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
D) human papillomavirus (HPV).

Question 51

The most common curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are

A) genital herpes simplex and hepatitis B.
B) the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomavirus (HPV).
C) chlamydia and gonorrhea.
D) trichomoniasis and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Question 52

How is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmitted?

A) by sharing eating utensils, such as forks and spoons, with an HIV-infected person
B) by using the same toilet used by an HIV-infected person
C) by sharing intravenous drug needles with an HIV-infected person
D) by coming into casual contact with an HIV-infected person

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true about vaccinations for human papillomavirus (HPV)?

A) Vaccination rates are high but declining.
B) Vaccination rates are lower in adolescent boys than in girls.
C) Despite the introduction of vaccines, HPV incidence has increased in recent times.
D) Vaccination for HPV leads to riskier sexual behavior in adolescents.

Question 54

Patricia was in a long-term relationship with Joe, her partner. They often had unprotected sex. Although she was faithful to him, she later learned that he had sexual relationships with multiple people. Soon after her discovery, she started to experience unexplained weight loss and fever. She went to get herself checked and tested positive for a viral infection that had compromised her immune system. Patricia most likely contracted

A) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
B) human papillomavirus infection.
C) gonorrhea.
D) chlamydia.

Question 55

Which of the following refers to a pattern of emotional turmoil characteristic of a minority of adolescents that may involve conflict with family, alienation from adult society, reckless behavior, and rejection of adult values?

A) youth voice
B) generation gap
C) sibling rivalry
D) adolescent rebellion

Question 56

Which of the following, if true, proves that adolescent rebellion is a myth?

A) Most young people feel close to and positive about their parents, share similar opinions on major issues, and value their parents' approval.
B) Negative emotionality and mood swings are most intense during early adolescence, perhaps due to the stress connected with puberty.
C) Arguments among parents and adolescents most often concern control over everyday personal matters rather than issues of health and safety or right and wrong.
D) The proportion of deeply troubled adolescents tends to be significant, and they come from disrupted families and, as adults, continue to have unstable family lives.

Question 57

________ is defined as an adolescent's struggle for autonomy and differentiation, or personal identity.

A) Self-help
B) Positive disintegration
C) Youth voice
D) Individuation

Question 58

Which of the following is true about authoritative parenting?

A) Authoritative parents insist on important rules, norms, and values.
B) Authoritative parents are unwilling to listen to, explain to, and negotiate with their children.
C) Authoritative parents exercise control over their child's feelings, beliefs, and sense of self.
D) Authoritative parents forego behavioral control over their children in favor of psychological control.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is most likely to be used by parents when they try to elicit desired behavior using psychological control?

A) "Do your homework. You have a test tomorrow."
B) "I need a hand to build the pigeon coop. Can you come out and help hold the boards for me?"
C) "Stop hitting your brother now, will you? He is only half your age."
D) "Why do you not love going to church? There must be something wrong with you."

Question 60

Which of the following statements is most likely to be used by parents when they try to elicit desired behavior using behavioral control?

A) "I am so hurt that you chose to go to the communion despite knowing that I do not appreciate it. Let us not talk for a while."
B) "You always leave your room in such a mess. You should be feeling terrible about it."
C) "Please be back home by 5 p.m. We need you to attend your sister's graduation."
D) "Do you even care about all the sacrifices we made for you?"

Question 61

Both Rue and Jess secured poor marks in their exams. Rue's parents told her firmly that her poor performance was unacceptable and that she can secure admission in a good college only if she manages to get good grades. Jess's parents compared her grades with those of the class topper and made her feel guilty about her not being mindful of their financial woes. In this scenario, which of the following statements is true?

A) Rue's parents have exerted psychological control, while Jess's parents have exerted behavioral control.
B) Rue's parents have exerted behavioral control, while Jess's parents have exerted psychological control.
C) Both Rue's and Jess's parents have exerted psychological control.
D) Both Rue's and Jess's parents have exerted behavioral control.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true about gender-specific preferences in parent-teen relationships?

A) Girls tend to have closer, more supportive relationships with their fathers than with their mothers.
B) Girls confide more in their fathers.
C) Relationship quality seems to matter more to girls than to boys in their willingness to confide in their parents.
D) Boys are more likely than girls to agree that multifaceted issues are most subject to disclosure.

Question 63

Which of the following types of adolescent behavior is least subject to disclosure?

A) smoking
B) seeing an R-rated movie
C) swearing
D) spending habits

Question 64

Which of the following statements is typically true about the link between family structure and adolescent emotional health?

A) Adolescents with gay parents fare worse in school than do adolescents from traditional families.
B) Adolescents with lesbian parents exhibit problems with their gender identity.
C) Adolescents in cohabiting families have greater emotional problems than do adolescents in married families.
D) High-quality involvement by a nonresident father eliminates all the negative effects of growing up in a single-mother household.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true of the impact of divorce on adolescents?

A) Adolescents whose parents later divorce show more behavioral problems before the breakup than peers whose parents do not later divorce.
B) Adolescents living with their continuously married parents tend to have significantly more behavioral problems than those in other family structures.
C) Adolescents, especially boys, from single-parent families are at lower risk for problem behaviors such as substance abuse or aggression than those in other family structures.
D) Adolescents from families headed by gay or lesbian parents appear to show differences in a wide variety of outcomes.

Question 66

________ tend to have significantly fewer behavioral problems than those in any other family structure.

A) Adolescents in cohabiting families
B) Adolescents in married families
C) Adolescents in divorced families
D) Adolescents in stepfamilies

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true about sibling relationships during middle adolescence?

A) Siblings spend more time together.
B) Relationships between siblings become less equal.
C) Conflict between siblings decreases.
D) Siblings are more influenced by each other.

Question 68

Which of the following statements is true about how gender affects sibling relationships in adolescence?

A) Mixed-sex siblings report more intimacy than same-sex siblings.
B) Mixed-sex siblings become more intimate during middle adolescence.
C) Teens with opposite-sex siblings report increases in their perceived romantic competence from early adolescence.
D) Across middle adolescence, conflicts decrease between same-sex siblings but increase between mixed-sex siblings.

Question 69

Which of the following is true about friendship and peers during adolescence?

A) One-to-one peer interactions, cliques, and crowd affiliations can exist simultaneously during adolescence.
B) Clique and crowd affiliations become stronger as adolescence progresses.
C) The influence of peers normally peaks during late adolescence.
D) Adolescents are more likely to take risks alone than in the company of peers.

Question 70

Which of the following is true about intimacy and importance of friendship among adolescents?

A) Girls' friendships tend to be more intimate than boys', with frequent sharing of confidences.
B) Intimacy with same-sex friends decreases during early to mid-adolescence.
C) Intimacy with the other sex grows during early to mid-adolescence.
D) Adolescents rely more on siblings than on friends for intimacy and support.

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true about relationships with peers during adolescence?

A) As children move into adolescence, their peer interactions become increasingly dyadic.
B) Crowd and clique affiliations tend to increase.
C) The influence of peers increases during middle and late adolescence.
D) Risk-taking is lower in the company of peers than when alone.

Question 72

How does online communication improve social connectedness?

A) by providing greater feedback mechanisms
B) by reducing the level of self-disclosure
C) by providing a level of anonymity to the user
D) by reducing the importance of nonverbal communication

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true about romantic relationships in adolescence?

A) Adolescents choose their romantic partners from their own friendship network.
B) By early adolescence, romantic relationships begin to serve the full gamut of emotional needs that they can serve.
C) Romantic relationships tend to become less intense and intimate across adolescence.
D) By middle adolescence, adolescents think about romantic partners more than they think of friends.

Question 74

Which of the following is true about romantic relationships among adolescents?

A) Girls appear to be less confident than boys about early romantic relationships.
B) Romantic partners tend to come from different friendship networks rather than from opposite-sex friends.
C) Most young people have had at least three exclusive partners lasting only for few months.
D) Interacting with someone of the opposite sex interferes with cognitive processes of both males and females.

Question 75

Emotional dating violence occurs when a partner is

A) threatened.
B) lied to.
C) cheated on.
D) forced to have sex.

Question 76

________ occurs when a partner is hit, pinched, shoved, or kicked.

A) Functional dating violence
B) Physical dating violence
C) Emotional dating violence
D) Sexual dating violence

Question 77

Which of the following biological factors contributes to antisocial behavior?

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
B) pulmonary infections
C) hereditary diseases
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 78

Which type of antisocial behavior tends to lead to chronic juvenile delinquency in adolescence?

A) a secondary-onset type
B) an early-onset type
C) a dominant-onset type
D) a late-onset type

Question 79

Which of the following is a potential warning sign that an adolescent will commit acts of aggression?

A) refusal to play with other children at school
B) lack of concern for the feelings of the poor and needy
C) early onset of sexual activity
D) parent-child interactions characterized by constant criticism

Question 80

Antisocial adolescents tend to have antisocial friends, and their antisocial behavior increases when they associate with each other, a process referred to as

A) free-riding.
B) psychosocial moratorium.
C) deviancy training.
D) identity diffusion.