Deck 8: Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

Question 1

Changes within the brain during early childhood are more outwardly apparent than the changes in infancy.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Children grow rapidly between ages 3 and 6 but less quickly than in infancy and toddlerhood.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In the context of physical growth in early childhood, the head of a 3-year-old child is still relatively large, but the other parts of the body continue to catch up as proportions steadily become more adultlike.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The growth spurt of puberty generally starts a few years earlier in boys; thus for a short while, girls have a growth advantage.

Question 5

During early childhood, cartilage turns to bone at a faster rate than before, giving children a firmer shape and protecting their internal organs.

Question 6

In the context of the brain, the density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex peaks at age 4.

Question 7

From ages 3 to 5, rapid brain growth occurs in areas that primarily support associative thinking, language, and spatial relations.

Question 8

According to the National Sleep Foundation (2004), regular and consistent sleep routines in children are likely to help manage problems such as resisting going to bed or waking up at least once each night.

Question 9

The use of favorite toys as bedtime companions hampers children's transition from the dependence of infancy to the independence of later childhood.

Question 10

Many sleep issues are the result of ineffective parenting practices that exacerbate rather than ease the problem.

Question 11

A child who experiences a night terror is likely to recall the entire episode the next morning.

Question 12

Night terrors generally peak at about 1½ years of age, are common between 2½ and 4 years of age, and decline thereafter.

Question 13

Nightmares are likely to be brought on by eating a heavy meal close to bedtime.

Question 14

Enuresis tends to run in families.

Question 15

Fine motor skills refer to the physical skills that involve the large muscles and are mainly used during jumping and running.

Question 16

Children who attend schools are more likely to be left-handed than children who do not receive a formal education.

Question 17

Changes in diet and decreased vitamin D based upon less exposure to the sun are likely to contribute to an increase in food allergy rates.

Question 18

Parents should seek professional help and not ignore thumbsucking in children under age 2.

Question 19

The lower a family's socioeconomic status (SES), the greater a child's risk of illness, injury, and death.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of children's growth in early childhood?

A) Children's growth is slowest in infancy and toddlerhood.
B) Changes within the brain are more outwardly apparent and less significant.
C) At about age 3, children begin to take on the slender, athletic appearance of childhood.
D) Cartilage turns to bone at a slower rate than before, and bones continue to remain soft.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true of physical growth patterns in early childhood?

A) Boys' slight edge in height and weight continues until the growth spurt of puberty.
B) The density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex peaks at 10 years of age.
C) Both boys and girls typically grow 5 to 6 inches a year during early childhood.
D) By age 2, the brain is approximately 90 percent of adult weight.

Question 22

Susanna is a 4-year-old child. Which of the following is most likely true about Susanna?

A) Her toddler potbelly continues to grow.
B) Her trunk, arms, and legs grow 4 inches longer than before.
C) Her cartilage turns to bone at a faster rate than before.
D) She starts experiencing night terrors.

Question 23

During early childhood, the increased capacities of the respiratory and circulatory systems

A) build physical stamina.
B) reduce the pace of myelination.
C) improve fine motor skills.
D) determine handedness.

Question 24

Which of the following is true of early childhood brain growth and development?

A) From ages 3 to 5, rapid brain growth occurs in areas that support associative thinking, language, and spatial relations.
B) The density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex peaks at age 14.
C) By age 2, the brain has attained about 90 percent of its peak volume.
D) From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid growth occurs in the frontal areas of the brain that regulate planning and goal setting.

Question 25

Identify a true statement about brain development in early childhood.

A) At age 8, the most rapid brain growth occurs in the frontal areas that regulate goal setting.
B) At age 5, rapid brain growth occurs in areas that support associative thinking.
C) The corpus callosum attains its peak volume earlier in boys than in girls.
D) The corpus callosum continues to be myelinized throughout childhood and adolescence.

Question 26

From ages 3 to 6, rapid brain growth occurs in the frontal areas that regulate

A) associative thinking.
B) spatial relations.
C) goal setting.
D) language processing.

Question 27

In the context of the human brain, the corpus callosum is mainly associated with

A) improved sleep patterns.
B) an increase in height.
C) improved speech and hearing.
D) an increase in body weight.

Question 28

Irving is a typical 6-year-old boy. He is most likely to

A) sleep through the night without any daytime naps.
B) sleep through the night and take multiple daytime naps.
C) sleep for an average of 6 hours at night and give up daytime naps.
D) sleep every 4 to 6 hours.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true about sleep in early childhood?

A) Almost all U.S. parents report that it takes less than 5 minutes for their child to fall asleep.
B) Young children who have become accustomed to going to sleep while feeding find it easy to fall asleep on their own.
C) Bedtime is likely to bring on a form of separation anxiety, and children are likely to do all they can to avoid it.
D) Sleep patterns tend to become stable during the first 3 months of life.

Question 30

Claudia, a preschooler, resists going to bed every night and usually wakes up a few times at night. Which of the following should her parents do to ensure that she is able to get a sound sleep?

A) They should make her eat a heavy meal just before bedtime.
B) They should switch off all the lights in her room when putting her to bed.
C) They should allow her to watch her favorite cartoon just before bedtime.
D) They should allow her to sleep with her favorite doll and her favorite blanket.

Question 31

Preschoolers actively resist going to bed and wake up at least once each night. Which of the following is most likely to help parents minimize these problems?

A) putting children off to sleep at the same time each day
B) allowing children to sleep only when they feel tired
C) taking children out for a drive to help them sleep better
D) letting children have a relatively heavy meal at night

Question 32

Which of the following is true about sleep disturbances in early childhood?

A) They are likely to be caused by disordered breathing or restless leg movements.
B) They are often associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
C) They are independent of a child's weight.
D) They are unlikely to be found in children with physical or learning disabilities.

Question 33

Which of the following is true about sleep disturbances in early childhood?

A) Walking and talking during sleep are unusual in early and middle childhood.
B) Genetic influences play a strong role in the occurrence of night terrors.
C) It is estimated that more than 25 percent of children sleepwalk.
D) Most sleep disturbances persist into adulthood and require medical help for their resolution.

Question 34

Identify a true statement about sleep disturbances in early childhood.

A) Sleepwalking and sleeptalking are generally harmful and should be prevented during their initial stages.
B) Night terrors generally peak between 8 and 10 years of age.
C) Sleep disturbances are likely to be caused by accidental activation of the brain's motor control system.
D) The frequency of sleep disturbances increases as children age.

Question 35

A child who experiences a ________ appears to awaken abruptly from a deep sleep early in the night in a state of agitation.

A) sleeptalking episode
B) bed-wetting episode
C) nightmare
D) night terror

Question 36

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a nightmare?

A) Joey starts blabbering early in the night but seems to remember nothing when he wakes up the next morning.
B) Christie starts climbing the stairs early in the night and seems oblivious to her surroundings.
C) Jason wakes up very early in the morning, knocks at his parents' door, and starts to cry uncontrollably.
D) Kellie screams and sits up on her bed in the middle of the night and goes back to sleep after a while.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of night terrors?

A) When children experience night terrors, they remember the entire episode the next morning.
B) Children are not really awake when they awaken after experiencing a night terror.
C) The best way to tackle night terrors is to wake children up while they are experiencing the night terror.
D) When children experience night terrors, they are unlikely to calm down easily and require medical help.

Question 38

One day, Jenny, a 3-year-old, starts screaming early in the night. Her parents rush into her room and find her sitting up in her bed. Jenny is breathing heavily and staring blankly at the walls. When her parents try to soothe her, she behaves indifferently and falls asleep again. The next morning, she barely remembers the night episode. This scenario best illustrates

A) a nightmare.
B) sleeptalking.
C) sleepwalking.
D) a night terror.

Question 39

Jack, a 4-year-old, watches an action-packed movie while having dinner. Without realizing, he eats a lot more than his usual diet. Since it is way past his bedtime, his mother immediately tucks him in. Early in the morning, Jack knocks at his parents' door and starts crying. He tells them that he had a frightening dream in which he fell down from a high cliff. This scenario best illustrates

A) a nightmare.
B) sleepwalking.
C) a night terror.
D) sleeptalking.

Question 40

Unlike night terrors, nightmares

A) cause children to forget the entire disturbing experience the next morning.
B) cause children to become unresponsive to external stimulations.
C) usually occur early in the night.
D) usually occur toward morning.

Question 41

Unlike children who experience nightmares, those who experience night terrors are most likely to

A) have eaten a heavy meal close to bedtime.
B) forget the entire episode the next morning.
C) have experienced overexcitement.
D) awaken early in the morning.

Question 42

Shirley has a 3-year-old son who sleepwalks. Shirley is least likely to

A) childproof her house to protect her son while he sleepwalks.
B) walk or carry him back to his bed and make him sleep.
C) wake or interrupt him whenever he sleepwalks.
D) help him get enough sleep on a regular basis.

Question 43

Inaya is a 5-year-old preschooler. Her parents notice that she has started bed-wetting since her first day of preschool, so they decide to take her to a pediatrician. Which of the following is the pediatrician likely to recommend?

A) He will ask her parents to make Inaya sleep in their room.
B) He will ask the parents to be patient and delay the treatment for a few years.
C) He will ask the parents to discipline the child and even punish her if needed.
D) He will ask the parents to limit fluids in her daily diet.

Question 44

Which of the following is true of enuresis?

A) It rarely manifests itself in children between 3 and 5 years of age.
B) It refers to voluntary urination by children.
C) It lacks any clear indications of being a hereditary problem.
D) It results from a lack of awareness related to bladder control.

Question 45

Michael, a 5-year-old, generally while sleeping, urinates on bed without his knowledge. This exemplifies

A) homeostasis.
B) nightmare.
C) enuresis.
D) night terrors.

Question 46

A treatment program for enuresis must be

A) initiated soon after the first instance of bed-wetting.
B) provided to all children to teach them bowel control.
C) delayed till a child can comprehend and follow instructions.
D) regulated by a professional even if the child is under the age of 5.

Question 47

________ are defined as the physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.

A) Gross motor skills
B) Graded skills
C) Fine motor skills
D) Lateralized skills

Question 48

Unlike fine motor skills, gross motor skills

A) involve the large muscles.
B) involve eye-hand and small-muscle coordination.
C) are manipulative.
D) are used while drawing and sketching.

Question 49

In the context of gross motor skills in early childhood, most 4-year-olds are able to

A) skip well.
B) hop four to six steps on one foot.
C) make a running jump of 36 inches.
D) descend a long stairway without support.

Question 50

Which of the following is true about gross motor skills and fine motor skills in early childhood?

A) Gains in gross motor skills allow young children to take additional responsibility for their personal care.
B) Motor skills develop in isolation.
C) The motor skills that emerge in early childhood build on the achievements of infancy and toddlerhood.
D) The fine motor skills developed during early childhood are the basis for sports activities that often begin in middle childhood.

Question 51

Adam is very good at computer games and usually wins when competing with his friends. Compared with his friends, he is most likely to score high on

A) gross motor skills.
B) fine motor skills.
C) left-handedness.
D) right-handedness.

Question 52

Which of the following illustrates the gross motor skills?

A) Jerry eats his cereals with a spoon.
B) Jerry cuts a sheet of paper with scissors.
C) Jerry jumps over a fence while running.
D) Jerry draws his favorite cartoon character.

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of the use of gross motor skills?

A) Jack buttons his shirt without any help.
B) Mary uses a pair of scissors to cut a circle from a paper.
C) Manny climbs a slide and slides down the slide.
D) Tara draws a picture of a boat.

Question 54

Which of the following exemplifies the use of gross motor skills?

A) Giselle makes a sketch of her doll.
B) Giselle plays hopscotch with her friends.
C) Giselle combs her hair and ties a ponytail.
D) Giselle makes a sandwich for her mother.

Question 55

Which of the following is an example of the use of fine motor skills?

A) Vivian climbs a hill.
B) Vivian cycles down a street.
C) Vivian hops down the stairs.
D) Vivian ties his shoelaces.

Question 56

Which of the following exemplifies the use of fine motor skills?

A) Dennis wins a chess competition.
B) Dennis plays on a trampoline.
C) Dennis goes for trekking.
D) Dennis runs on a beach.

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of the use of fine motor skills?

A) Mia unbuttons her shirt.
B) Sal runs behind her cat.
C) Pete plays on a swing.
D) Kate looks out of the window.

Question 58

Alysha can now cut along a line, draw a fairly complete person, and fold paper into a double triangle. With a little help from her mother, she is also able to dress herself. In the context of motor skill developments in early childhood, Alysha is most likely

A) 2 years old.
B) 4 years old.
C) 6 years old.
D) 7 years old.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of motor skills in early childhood?

A) The fine motor skills developed during early childhood are the basis for sports, dancing, and other activities that begin in middle childhood.
B) Gains in fine motor skills allow young children to take additional responsibility for their personal care.
C) Developed sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex fail to bridge the gap between what children want to do and what they can do.
D) The skills that emerge in early childhood are independent of the achievements of infancy and toddlerhood.

Question 60

Which of the following is true of the motor skills that emerge during early childhood?

A) The skills that emerge in early childhood are independent of the achievements of infancy and toddlerhood.
B) Hopping is generally mastered by children at the age of 2.
C) Going upstairs is easier than going down.
D) Children's fine motor skills are the primary determinants of their performance in sports.

Question 61

Which of the following about handedness is true?

A) Handedness is seldom evident before 6 years of age.
B) Boys are more likely to be left-handed than girls.
C) Handedness is purely determined by genetics.
D) Handedness is independent of environmental influences.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true about handedness?

A) For every 100 left-handed boys, there are 123 left-handed girls.
B) Children who were low birth weight tend to be right-handed.
C) Children who attend schools are more likely to be right-handed than children who do not receive a formal education.
D) Female twins from opposite-sex twin pairs are more likely to be left-handed than female twins from same-sex twin pairs.

Question 63

Which of the following is true of handedness?

A) Handedness is always clear-cut.
B) Handedness is usually evident by about age 3.
C) Everybody prefers one hand for every task.
D) Girls are more likely to be left-handed than boys.

Question 64

International efforts to improve child health generally focus on the first 5 years of life because

A) it is much easier to eliminate causative factors in this age group than in others.
B) nearly 90 percent of deaths in children under age 15 occur during these years.
C) the chances of a child living to his or her fifth birthday have halved in the last 50 years.
D) there is a high level of funding available as a quarter of child deaths occur in developed countries.

Question 65

According to the World Health Organization (2017), which of the following is true about obesity rates in early childhood?

A) The lowest obesity rates are found in Hispanic children.
B) Obesity rates are higher in girls than in boys.
C) Obesity rates are rising more quickly in developing countries with less income.
D) Obesity rates are higher in white children than in African American children.

Question 66

Which of the following is true about obesity in early childhood?

A) The long-term success of treatment for obesity, especially when it is delayed, is limited.
B) Children who come from families lower on the socioeconomic ladder are unlikely to be obese.
C) Overweight children, especially those who have overweight parents, are unlikely to become obese adults.
D) Trends toward childhood obesity can be identified as early as 3 years of age.

Question 67

Diane is trying to find ways to encourage her 4-year-old son to develop healthy eating habits. Which of the following is she least likely to do?

A) making mealtimes pleasant with conversation on interesting topics
B) providing her child with nutritious snack foods between meals
C) allowing her child to eat while watching his favorite cartoon show on television
D) serving finger foods as often as possible

Question 68

In the context of preventing obesity, which of the following is likely to encourage healthy eating habits?

A) not mixing a new food item with familiar food during a single meal
B) not serving food in appealing dishes
C) serving finger foods as often as possible
D) serving mixed dishes such as casseroles instead of simple foods

Question 69

Cherry, a 4-year-old healthy child, sits with her lunch for half an hour. She barely eats anything. What should her mother do to encourage healthy eating habits in Cherry?

A) Her mother should switch on the television and ask Cherry to finish her food while watching cartoons.
B) Her mother should remove the food and not serve Cherry anything until the next meal.
C) Her mother should scold Cherry and ask her to finish everything on her plate in the next 15 minutes.
D) Her mother should serve Cherry some other food item in a colorful and appealing dish.

Question 70

Which of the following is true about food allergies?

A) Food allergies are unlikely to cause life-threatening reactions.
B) Food allergies are more prevalent in children than in adults.
C) Children who suffer from food allergies are bigger and taller than children without food allergies.
D) Children with food allergies are unlikely to come from families of higher socioeconomic status.

Question 71

By ________, all the primary teeth are in place and the permanent teeth are developing.

A) 3 years
B) 7 years
C) 8 years
D) 6 years

Question 72

Kellie and Will are working parents. Their 3-year-old daughter, Hannah, often throws a tantrum when they leave for work. Kellie and Will try to be hands-on parents, providing Hannah with adequate nutrition, attention, and opportunities to learn. Which of the following measures taken by Kellie and Will is likely to undermine their child's health?

A) providing Hannah small cubes of vegetables to chew on while she watches television
B) providing Hannah a chocolate or a candy bar as a bait so that she stops crying when they leave for work
C) ensuring that Hannah has skim milk, lean meat, and other dairy products
D) allowing Hannah to help them in small ways when preparing meals

Question 73

Keith is 5 years old and sucks his thumb excessively. Keith's mother should

A) allow Keith to suck his thumb because his primary teeth are unaffected by this habit.
B) discourage Keith from sucking his thumb and give him a pacifier instead.
C) allow Keith to suck his thumb because this helps to calm him down when he gets difficult to manage.
D) discourage him from sucking his thumb because this habit is likely to damage his permanent teeth.

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true about oral health in early childhood?

A) Thumbsucking among children can result in undernutrition.
B) Tooth decay is an abnormal immune system response to a specific food.
C) Tooth decay in early childhood often stems from overconsumption of sweetened milk in infancy.
D) Parents and teachers should not ignore thumbsucking in children under age 4.

Question 75

________ is a mineral essential for the maintenance and solidification of bones and at low levels has been shown to reduce the incidence of dental caries, or cavities.

A) Lead oxide
B) Graphite
C) Lithium
D) Fluoride

Question 76

In the United States, which of the following is true about the measures taken to reduce the number of child deaths in motor vehicle crashes?

A) Recommendations that 4-year-olds should not use belt-positioning booster seats have reduced the number of such deaths by almost 50 percent.
B) Campaigns to keep children in the back seats of cars have reduced the number of such deaths by 200 a year from 1996 to 2003.
C) The use of forward-facing car seats for 4-year-olds has almost brought down the number of such deaths to zero.
D) Airbags that have been designed to primarily protect children have significantly reduced the incidence of such deaths.

Question 77

In the United States, most deaths from injuries, especially among preschoolers,

A) occur in private day care centers.
B) occur in their homes.
C) occur in schools.
D) occur in playgrounds.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is true about accidental deaths in children?

A) Unintentional exposure to over-the-counter medicines does not impact young children.
B) Children are more likely to be injured in day care centers than in and around their homes.
C) Safe storage of firearms, as required by U.S. laws in several states, has improved child safety.
D) Young children typically survive major accidents because of the mandatory use of airbags in the United States.

Question 79

In the context of environmental influences on health, which of the following is true about Medicaid?

A) It is a government program that provides medical assistance to eligible low-income persons and families.
B) It has helped states to extend health care coverage to uninsured children in poor and near-poor families.
C) It primarily focuses on initiatives to prevent and address childhood obesity.
D) It mainly emphasizes oral health and vision coverage for children through the administration of medicines.

Question 80

While children's growth is most rapid in infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood is a time of great changes and advances in physical growth and development. This change is clearly apparent in the physical dimensions of the body. In the context of physical growth, describe the changes that occur in children between ages 3 and 6.