Deck 5: Physical Development and Health: 0 to 3

Question 1

Toddlerhood lasts from about 12 to 16 months.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP] Section on Breastfeeding (2005) recommends that babies be breast-fed for 6 months and that additional nutritional food supplements be also given during this period.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Breast-feeding is inadvisable if a mother has been exposed to radiation.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Pediatric experts recommend that iron-enriched solid foods-usually beginning with cereal-be introduced gradually from the age of 3 months.

Question 5

The cerebellum, the part of the human brain that controls the senses, grows the slowest during the first year of life.

Question 6

Most of the early reflexes disappear after 2 years of age.

Question 7

Early experiences can have lasting effects on the capacity of the brain to learn and store information because of brain plasticity.

Question 8

Long-term institutional care in severely deprived settings has a profound negative effect on many areas of development, including physical growth, cognitive development, and social-emotional functioning.

Question 9

The senses of smell and taste begin to develop in the womb, and certain taste preferences may be largely innate.

Question 10

Auditory discrimination develops rapidly after 2 years of age.

Question 11

Binocular vision, which enables people to perceive depth and distance, usually does not develop until 4 or 5 months.

Question 12

The Denver Developmental Screening Test measures a baby's motor development on the sole criterion of gross motor skills.

Question 13

The pace of motor development in babies is independent of cultural factors.

Question 14

By 2 months, almost all infants can keep their heads erect while being held or supported in a sitting position.

Question 15

Depth perception refers to the ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions and depends on cues that affect the image of an object on the retina of the eye where the sensory receptors cells are located.

Question 16

The dynamic systems theory refers to Esther Thelen's theory that holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment.

Question 17

Shaken baby syndrome is also known as crib death.

Question 18

Foster care is the safest option for children as it does not have any harmful impact on them.

Question 19

Children are abused and neglected at all ages, but the highest rates of victimization and of death from maltreatment are for infants and toddlers age 3 and younger.

Question 20

Which of the following statements best illustrates the cephalocaudal principle of infant development?

A) Children gain control over their head movements before they can control their arms.
B) The spinal cord develops before the arms become dexterous and agile.
C) Children learn to walk before they determine their preferred mode of handedness.
D) Babies lose their swimming and walking reflexes by 2 years of age.

Question 21

According to the ________, growth and motor development proceed from the center of the body outward.

A) lateral principle
B) cephalocaudal principle
C) neurological principle
D) proximodistal principle

Question 22

Which of the following statements best illustrates the proximodistal principle of infant development?

A) The upper arms of infants develop before their fingers develop.
B) The spinal cord develops before the arms become dexterous and agile.
C) Certain reflexes begin to appear even before birth.
D) Infants explore the environment using a combination of action and perception.

Question 23

In the context of early growth and physical development, which of the following statements is true about physical growth in human babies?

A) By the first birthday, babies generally have 20 teeth.
B) Teething usually begins around 3 or 4 months.
C) A boy's height typically increases by 10 inches during the second year.
D) A 3-year-old typically is more potbellied and chubbier than a 2-year-old.

Question 24

Which of the following is true about breast-feeding?

A) Factors such as short postpartum maternity leave, a lack of flexible scheduling, and a lack of privacy make it difficult to sustain breast-feeding.
B) Breast-feeding should begin at least a week after birth and continue for at least 2 years.
C) Despite United Nations initiative encouraging institutional support of breast-feeding, U.S. hospitals are unable to witness an increase in breast-feeding.
D) Babies should not be exclusively breast-fed for 6 months from their time of birth as additional nutritional food supplements are also required.

Question 25

Which of the following is true about breast-fed babies?

A) They are less likely to score higher than other children on cognitive tests at school age.
B) They are more likely to develop obesity and diabetes.
C) They are more likely to contract otitis media, which is an infection of the middle ear.
D) They are less likely to show language and motor delays.

Question 26

Compared with mothers who do not breast-feed, breast-feeding mothers are more likely to

A) develop osteoporosis.
B) report postpartum bleeding.
C) return to their prepregnancy weight.
D) develop anorexia nervosa or bulimia.

Question 27

Which of the following statements reflects the pattern of brain development in infancy and toddlerhood?

A) The brain reaches its complete adult size by the end of gestation.
B) The cerebellum experiences the least development in the first two years of life.
C) The brain's growth occurs in fits and starts called brain growth spurts.
D) The spinal cord and brain stem grow fastest during the first year of life.

Question 28

In the context of the human brain, the cerebellum grows most rapidly

A) during the first year of life.
B) between 2 and 5 years of age.
C) during middle childhood.
D) during adolescence.

Question 29

Which of the following is true about the human brain?

A) It is the least developed organ of the nervous system at birth.
B) It develops at an even pace rather than in fits and starts.
C) It begins to develop only after the brain stem and spinal cord have developed completely.
D) It develops from a long hollow tube into a spherical mass of cells.

Question 30

In the context of the human brain, the left hemisphere

A) processes visual and spatial information.
B) is the center of language and logical thinking.
C) is responsible for respiration and metabolism.
D) maintains balance and motor coordination.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of the right hemisphere of the brain?

A) It maintains balance and motor coordination.
B) It is the center of language and logical thinking.
C) It is responsible for the sleep-wake cycle.
D) It processes visual and spatial information.

Question 32

In the context of the human brain, which of the following is true of the corpus callosum?

A) It allows the left and right hemispheres to share information and coordinate commands.
B) It is the center of language and logical thinking.
C) It maintains balance and motor coordination.
D) It is responsible for basic bodily functions such as breathing, heart rate, and body temperature.

Question 33

Therese, a neuroscientist, is studying the brain of a patient whose corpus callosum has been severed during a treatment for severe epilepsy. She finds that when images or words are displayed in the right half of his eye's visual field, he can describe them. However, when the images are displayed in the left half of his eye's visual field, he cannot describe them. This scenario illustrates

A) integration.
B) lateralization.
C) plasticity.
D) haptic perception.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about the cerebral cortex is true?

A) The cerebral cortex primarily maintains balance and motor coordination.
B) The cerebral cortex is responsible for mental associations and deliberate motor responses.
C) The regions of the cerebral cortex that govern vision, hearing, and other sensory information are mature by 6 months of age.
D) The cerebral cortex is like a giant switchboard of fibers connecting the hemispheres and allowing them to share information and coordinate commands.

Question 35

In the context of brain development in humans, which of the following is true about the process of myelination?

A) Sensory pathways are generally myelinized before motor pathways.
B) The temporal and frontal poles are myelinized before the occipital lobe.
C) Association fibers are myelinized prior to projection fibers.
D) Myelination occurs rapidly from 2 to 5 years of age.

Question 36

Primitive reflexes are related to

A) instinctive needs for survival and protection.
B) reactions to changes in position.
C) reactions to changes in balance.
D) the development of voluntary movements.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true of the Moro reflex in babies?

A) Babies display this reflex when both their palms are stroked at once.
B) It typically appears at birth.
C) It typically disappears by 1 month of age.
D) Babies display this reflex by extending their legs and arching backward.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true of the Darwinian reflex in babies?

A) Babies display this reflex when their palms are stroked.
B) It typically appears at 2 months of age.
C) It typically disappears by the third month after birth.
D) Babies display this reflex by fanning out their toes and twisting the foot in.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true of the tonic neck reflex in babies?

A) Babies display this reflex when they are laid down on their back.
B) It typically appears during the fifth month of gestation.
C) It typically disappears by 2 months of age.
D) Babies display this reflex by closing both fists around a stick and trying to stand.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of the Babkin reflex?

A) Babies display this reflex when the sole of their foot is stroked.
B) It typically appears during the seventh month of gestation.
C) It typically disappears by 3 months of age.
D) Babies display this reflex by making well-coordinated swimming movements.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of the Babinski reflex?

A) Babies display this reflex when they hear a loud noise.
B) It typically appears during 4 months of age.
C) It typically disappears by 1 year.
D) Babies display this reflex by fanning out their toes.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true of the rooting reflex in babies?

A) Babies display this reflex when their cheek or lower lip is stroked.
B) It typically appears during the seventh month of gestation.
C) It typically disappears by 3 months.
D) Babies display this reflex by assuming a fencer position.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true of the walking reflex in babies?

A) Babies display this reflex when their bare feet touch a flat surface.
B) It typically appears at birth.
C) It typically disappears during the third month.
D) Babies display this reflex by fanning out their toes and twisting their feet in.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true of the swimming reflex in babies?

A) Babies display this reflex when their feet are stroked.
B) It typically appears at 1 month of age.
C) It typically disappears during the second birthday.
D) Babies display this reflex by making step-like motions.

Question 45

When Aria placed her 3-month-old son on his back, she noticed that he extended his arm and leg on one side and flexed the other arm and leg. This scenario illustrates the ________ reflex.

A) Moro
B) Darwinian
C) walking
D) tonic neck

Question 46

When a nurse applies slight pressure on the palms of 4-day-old Pete, he flexes his neck and opens his mouth. This scenario illustrates the ________ reflex.

A) Babinski
B) Babkin
C) Moro
D) Darwinian

Question 47

Mia is a 2-week-old girl. When her mother touches the corner of Mia's mouth, she turns her head in the direction of the touch and opens her mouth. This scenario illustrates the ________ reflex.

A) Moro
B) rooting
C) walking
D) Babinski

Question 48

As the higher brain centers become active during the first 2 to 4 months, babies begin to show ________ reflexes, which are reactions to changes in position or balance.

A) locomotor
B) primitive
C) postural
D) planned

Question 49

Most of the early reflexes disappear during the first 6 months to 1 year. Reflexes that continue to serve protective functions, such as ________, remain.

A) blinking, gagging, and sneezing
B) swimming, blinking, and rooting
C) grasping, rooting, and sucking
D) rooting, swimming, and placing

Question 50

Which of the following is a locomotor reflex?

A) blinking
B) walking
C) rooting
D) shivering

Question 51

Although the brain's early development is in large part genetically directed, its structure is continually modified by environmental experiences; this modifiability is called

A) brevity.
B) transitivity.
C) sensitivity.
D) plasticity.

Question 52

In brain development, normal elimination of excess cells to achieve more efficient functioning is known as

A) meiosis.
B) cell death.
C) mitosis.
D) cell organization.

Question 53

Given the right circumstances, the human brain can overcome adversity so that some of its functions are recovered. Which of the following mechanisms helps the brain in such a recovery?

A) abduction
B) plasticity
C) occlusion
D) epigenesis

Question 54

Which of the following statements best characterizes the ability to feel touch and pain in newborns?

A) Newborns lack the receptors for pain till about 1 year of age.
B) Sensitivity to touch develops only after birth.
C) By 32 weeks of gestation, all body parts of fetuses are sensitive to touch.
D) Typically, anesthesia is the safest pain management measure used for newborns.

Question 55

When taking blood samples from infants, physicians typically

A) utilize epidural anesthesia to numb the part of the body from which the sample is to be collected.
B) play soothing music to divert the infant's attention from pain.
C) utilize general anesthesia to eliminate any chances of pain.
D) give a sweet solution to the infants to suck on to manage the pain.

Question 56

Which of the following would a newborn most likely prefer?

A) Water
B) Honey
C) Tangy lemonade
D) Broccoli chunks

Question 57

In the context of early sensory capacities, which of the following is true about the sense of sight?

A) A neonate's eyes focus best when objects are within one foot of focusing distance.
B) The ability to follow a moving target develops slowly during the first months.
C) Infants are unlikely to show a preference for the faces of attractive strangers over those of unattractive strangers.
D) Visual acuity at birth is approximately 20/400 but improves rapidly, reaching the 20/20 level by about 8 months.

Question 58

The Denver Developmental Screening Test assesses

A) the gross motor skills of babies.
B) the temperament of babies.
C) the innate traits of babies.
D) the level of arousal at birth.

Question 59

If a psychologist wants to observe the development of a child's fine motor skills, he or she is most likely to ask the child to

A) draw a circle.
B) read a storybook.
C) sing a song.
D) narrate a story.

Question 60

In the context of milestones in gross motor development, a 4-month-old infant will typically be able to

A) pick up a tiny object using the pincer grasp.
B) sit without support.
C) build a tower of two cubes.
D) grasp an object of moderate size.

Question 61

In the context of milestones in gross motor development, a 6-month-old infant will typically be able to

A) sit without support.
B) build a tower of two cubes.
C) pick up a tiny object using the pincer grasp.
D) stand by holding on to a piece of furniture.

Question 62

Tiana's father gives her a few blocks and cubes to play with. She plays with them for a while and manages to place three red cubes on top of two blue cubes and build a tower. She is excited to show the colorful tower to her father. In the context of key milestones in the first 3 years of life, Tiana is most likely

A) 5 months old.
B) 7 months old.
C) 10 months old.
D) 15 months old.

Question 63

While crawling, Liam sees a small pebble on the kitchen floor. He uses the pincer grasp to pick up the pebble. As he still has not started walking, he crawls toward his mother. In the context of key milestones in the first 3 years of life, Liam is most likely

A) 5 months old.
B) 10 months old.
C) 12 months old.
D) 18 months old.

Question 64

At the age of about ________ months, Branda could assume a sitting position without help while her father took her picture.

A) 4
B) 5
C) 8
D) 10

Question 65

Key milestones in the first 3 years of life relate to head control, hand control, and locomotion. In the context of locomotion, identify a true statement about crawling.

A) Crawling is technically a motor milestone.
B) Crawling helps babies learn to better judge distances and perceive depth.
C) Between 3 and 5 months, most babies begin to get around by crawling.
D) In visual cliff experiments, new crawlers are highly likely to avoid the cliff.

Question 66

Which of the following milestones of motor development has the greatest impact on an infant's ability to explore

A) the ability to hold his or her head erect.
B) the ability to sit without support.
C) the achievement of self-locomotion.
D) the development of the precision grip.

Question 67

Six-month-old Chris's favorite toy is Make-a-Stack. It consists of five colorful rings of increasing sizes that can be stacked on a pole fixed at the base. Chris loves holding and shaking the rings and drops them over the top of the pole. In this scenario, Make-a-Stack is most likely designed to engage

A) auditory perception.
B) gross motor skills.
C) haptic perception.
D) language skills.

Question 68

According to Esther Thelen,

A) maturation is the sole force behind motor development.
B) a largely automatic, preordained series of steps directed by the brain determine motor development.
C) motor development is a continuous process of interaction between the baby and the environment.
D) nature or one's genetic material is adequate to explain one's motor development and growth.

Question 69

The overall improvement in U.S. infant mortality rates since 1990 is attributable largely to

A) prevention of toxoplasmosis.
B) reduction of miscarriages and preterm births.
C) prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
D) reduction of cesarean births.

Question 70

In the context of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), current recommendations for risk reduction include

A) avoiding sleeping in parents' room.
B) avoiding the use of a pacifier.
C) the use of breathing monitors.
D) the use of a fan.

Question 71

________ is defined as the sudden death of an infant under age 1 in which the cause of death remains unexplained after a thorough investigation that includes an autopsy.

A) Crib death
B) Down syndrome
C) Cell death
D) Shaken baby syndrome

Question 72

In many cultures, co-sleeping with young infants is expected. Which of the following is true about co-sleeping?

A) At 2 weeks of age, less than 10 percent of American infants sleep with a parent.
B) The physical closeness of a mother and her baby facilitates maternal responsiveness.
C) Bed sharing tends to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
D) The percentage of babies in the United States that sleep with their parents has dropped significantly between 1993 and 2000.

Question 73

About two-thirds of injury deaths in the first year of life are by

A) suffocation.
B) toxoplasmosis.
C) burn injuries.
D) traffic accidents.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about immunizations and young children is true?

A) In the United States, polio and pertussis largely persist because of limited access to vaccinations for these infections.
B) The scientific community believes that infants receive too many vaccines for their immune system to handle safely.
C) Vaccines only work if a high enough proportion of the population is inoculated.
D) In the United States, even poor children receive all the required shots and there are no regional differences in coverage.

Question 75

Lina tells Masha that in her country, only 70 percent of the children under the age of 3 completed all the recommended childhood vaccinations. Masha argues that the only way the percentage can be improved is if the government makes these vaccinations free and easily available. Which of the following, if true, weakens Masha's argument?

A) Many countries prohibit exemptions from vaccinations for religious or philosophical reasons.
B) The amount of funding for developing new vaccines has increased in the past few years.
C) Some controlled diseases have resurged in communities with low rates of vaccination.
D) Many parents hesitate to immunize their children because of speculation that certain vaccines may cause developmental disorders.

Question 76

Rob believes that vaccinations for children are overrated and are propagated mainly by profit-oriented pharmaceutical companies. Which of the following is the most effective argument to convince Rob of the importance of regular vaccinations for children?

A) Some vaccines can cause autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders.
B) The amount of funding for developing new vaccines has decreased in the past few years.
C) Vaccines are more expensive than many other modes of preventive health care technology.
D) Many controlled diseases have resurged in communities with low rates of vaccination.

Question 77

Which of the following is a form of child maltreatment that is likely to cause brain damage, paralysis, or death?

A) sudden infant death syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Turner syndrome
D) shaken baby syndrome

Question 78

Describe the senses that are the most and the least functional at birth.

Question 79

In the context of motor development, key milestones in the first 3 years of life relate to head control, hand control, and locomotion. Explain how the achievement of self-locomotion has striking cognitive and psychosocial benefits.

Question 80

Describe the various forms of childhood maltreatment. What are some possible long-term effects of maltreatment?