Deck 31: Fungi

Question 1

The largest organism ever to have existed in the world is (was) a:

A) whale
B) dinosaur
C) sequoia tree
D) fungus
E) mammoth

Answer 1

fungus

Question 2

Which of the following attributes is NOT shared by animals and fungi?

A) derived from protists
B) heterotrophic
C) absorptive nutrition
D) secrete digestive enzymes
E) have cell walls

Answer 2

have cell walls

Question 3

A function of rhizomorphs is:

A) secretion of enzymes
B) transport of water and minerals
C) transport of complex carbohydrates
D) production of spores
E) formation of dikaryotes

Answer 3

transport of water and minerals

Question 4

A growing hypha experiences which of the following?

A) transport by vesicles of enzymes from the Golgi apparatus to the hyphal tip
B) uptake of water by osmosis
C) extension of the hyphal tip
D) transport by vesicles of cell-wall materials
E) all of the other choices provided

Question 5

A dikaryotic cell:

A) has only one haploid nucleus
B) has only one diploid nucleus
C) has two diploid nuclei
D) has two haploid nuclei
E) has one haploid nucleus and one diploid nucleus

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes the condition of fungal spores?

A) Sexual and asexual spores are both haploid.
B) Sexual and asexual spores are both diploid.
C) Sexual spores are haploid and asexual spores are diploid.
D) Sexual spores are diploid and asexual spores are haploid.
E) Haploid asexual spores fuse to form diploid sexual spores.

Question 7

The distinction between karyogamy and plasmogamy is:

A) Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei and plasmogamy is the fusion of the cytoplasm.
B) Karyogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm and plasmogamy is the fusion of nuclei.
C) Karyogamy is the fusion of dikaryotic cells and plasmogamy is the fusion of gametes.
D) Karyogamy is the fusion of hyphae and plasmogamy is the fusion of mycelia.
E) Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei and plasmogamy is the attack of blood plasma by fungal pathogens.

Question 8

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between a dikaryon and a heterokaryon?

A) There is no difference, the two are identical.
B) A dikaryotic cell has two nuclei and a heterokaryon has three or more nuclei.
C) A dikaryotic cell is diploid and a heterokaryon is haploid.
D) A dikaryotic cell is involved in sexual reproduction and a heterokaryon is involved in asexual reproduction.
E) A dikaryotic cell is haploid and a heterokaryon is diploid.

Question 9

Fungal spores are dispersed by:

A) wind
B) pigs
C) raindrops
D) flies
E) all of the choices provided

Question 10

Which of the following functions is NOT carried out by decomposer fungi?

A) break down leaf litter
B) decay wood
C) decompose dead animals
D) recycle essential nutrients
E) break down pathogenic bacteria

Question 11

Some fungi are called rusts because:

A) they give a reddish cast to soils in which they grow
B) they have reddish spores that emerge from the leaves of infected plants
C) the enzymes they produce for breaking down wood also causes iron to rust
D) they produce rust-colored mushrooms as fruiting bodies
E) none of the other choices provided

Question 12

The fungus Pneumocystis cariniiis of significance to AIDS patients because:

A) It is transmitted sexually and is the cause of AIDS.
B) It attacks T-cells in the same way as does AIDS and thereby increases the severity of the disease.
C) It attacks the AIDS pathogen and thereby reduces the severity of the disease.
D) It infects individuals whose immune system has been weakened by AIDS and causes pneumonia.
E) none of the other choices provided

Question 13

Which of the following taxa is NOT known to contain species that cultivate fungi for food?

A) leaf-cutting ants
B) humans
C) termites
D) beetles
E) nematodes

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT an advantage that fungal mycorrhizae bestow upon plants?

A) The fungus supplies water to the plant.
B) The fungus supplies mineral nutrients to the plant.
C) The fungus binds the soil and prevents erosion.
D) The fungus protects the plant against pathogens and toxins.
E) The fungus supplies organic food to the plant.

Question 15

The difference between fungal endomycorrhizae and fungal endophytes is:

A) Endomycorrhizae live inside fungi and endophytes live inside plants.
B) Endomycorrhizae form arbuscules that facilitate exchanges of water and food between the fungus and plant root cells, whereas endophytes invade plant cells and provide the plant with protective antibiotics and toxins.
C) Endomycorrhizae are beneficial to its host plant but endophytes harm the host plant.
D) Endomycorrhizae form arbuscules on plant roots that produce toxins killing parasitic nematodes, whereas endophytes assist in the transport of water through the plant.
E) none of the other choices provided

Question 16

Which of the following describe a growth form of lichens?

A) crustose
B) fruticose
C) foliose
D) all of the choices provided
E) none of the choices provided

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an advantage or beneficial material that fungi provide for their photosynthetic symbiont?

A) carbon dioxide
B) water and minerals
C) chemicals deterring grazers and pathogens
D) protection from excess light
E) oxygen

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes the benefit of lichens for humans?

A) Lichens can be used to monitor levels of chemical pollutants in the air.
B) Lichens can be used to monitor radiation levels.
C) Lichens begin soil formation by breaking down parent rock.
D) Lichens fix nitrogen.
E) all of the choices provided

Question 19

Soredia are:

A) sexual reproductive bodies of lichens
B) asexual spores of mushrooms
C) mycelia of crustose lichens
D) identical with conidia
E) clumps of hyphae and algae that disperse lichens

Question 20

Phanerochaete chrysosporium:

A) is a wood-decay fungus that is used to bleach paper and decompose dioxin
B) is a lichen that serves as food for reindeer
C) is the cause of lung disease
D) is an hallucinogenic mushroom
E) is a rust that causes oak trees to shed their leaves prematurely

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a phylum of fungi?

A) Chytridiomycota
B) Zygomycota
C) Ascomycota
D) Basiodiomycota
E) Saccharomycota

Question 22

The only fungi to produce cells with flagella are:

A) chytrids
B) choanflagellates
C) yeasts
D) conidia
E) bread molds

Question 23

The Glomeromycota are called AM fungi because:

A) They shed their spores only in the morning.
B) They produce fruiting bodies at night that only last through the following morning.
C) They produce arbuscular mycorrhizae in the cells of plant roots.
D) They decompose animal manure.
E) They grow only on the chaff of ant middens.

Question 24

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a chytrid fungus that:

A) forms dendritic patterns of wood decay
B) is a major pollutant in sewage wastewater
C) readily captures cyanobacteria to form a lichen
D) causes declines in frog populations
E) is a major cause of pneumonia in AIDS patients

Question 25

In the life cycle of a bread mold, the stage in which diploid nuclei occur is:

A) the gametangium
B) the aseptate hypha
C) the asexual spores
D) the sporangium
E) the zygosporangium

Question 26

An ascocarp is:

A) a species of carp from the Asco River in Peru that is host to parasitic glomeromycotan fungi
B) the fruiting body of a sac fungus
C) an asexual spore of a sac fungus
D) an asexual spore of a lichen
E) the fruiting body of wood-decay fungi

Question 27

Which of the following kinds of fungi is NOT an ascomycete?

A) cup fungi
B) yeasts
C) morels
D) truffles
E) bread mold

Question 28

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by an ascomycete?

A) apple scab
B) wheat rust
C) powdery mildew
D) chestnut blight
E) Dutch elm disease

Question 29

Which of the following kinds of fungi is NOT a basidiomycete?

A) mushroom
B) shelf fungus
C) smuts
D) morels
E) puffballs

Question 30

A clamp connection is:

A) a ring of hyphae produced by some fungi that is used to snare nematodes
B) a bypass formed during cell division in basidiomycetes that aids distribution on nuclei
C) the connection of a basidiospore to the basidium
D) the sticky substance that holds shelf fungi onto trees
E) the hyphae that hold crustose lichens onto rocks

Question 31

Which of the following best describes the sexual life cycle of bread mold?

A) (1) Multinucleate gametangi are produced and compatible strains undergo plasmogeny, and form (2) a heterokaryotic zygosporangium. (3) Karyogamy of the haploid nuclei takes place to form many diploid nuclei and the zygosporangium develops into a thick-walled zygospore. (4) Meiosis occurs and produces many haploid spores, that (5) are dispersed in air and germinate when finding a suitable environment.
B) (1) Multinucleate gametangi are produced and compatible strains undergo karyogamy and plasmogamy, and form (2) a heterokaryotic zygosporangium. (3) Meiosis of the diploid nuclei takes place to form many haploid nuclei and the zygosporangium develops into a thick-walled zygospore. (4) Fusion of haploid nuclei occurs and produces spores, that (5) are dispersed in air and germinate when finding a suitable environment.
C) (1) Uninucleate gametangi are produced and compatible strains undergo plasmogeny and form (2) a dikaryotic zygosporangium. (3) Karyogamy forms a diploid nucleus and the zygosporangium develops into a thick-walled zygospore. (4) Meiosis of diploic nuclei occurs and produces four haploid spores, that (5) are dispersed in air and germinate when finding a suitable environment.
D) (1) Multinucleate zygosporangia develop thick walls and undergo plasmogamy with compatible strains (2) to form a heterokaryotic gametangium. (3) Karyogamy of the haploid nuclei takes place to form many diploid nuclei and they develop into thick-walled spores. (4) These undergo plasmogamy and produce diploid spores, that (5) are dispersed in air and germinate when finding a suitable environment.
E) (1) Multinucleate gametangi with diploid nuclei are produced and compatible strains undergo meiosis (2) to produce a heterokaryotic zygosporangium with haploid nuclei. (3) Karyogamy of these nuclei takes place to form diploid nuclei that have a dark, thick wall. (4) These develop into spores, that (5) are dispersed in air and germinate when finding a suitable environment.

Question 32

The sporangia (asci) of ascomycetes each ultimately produces:

A) eight diploid spores
B) four genetically identical haploid spores
C) four haploid spores, each genetically different
D) eight identical haploid spores
E) eight haploid spores, of which there are two each of four different genetic types

Question 33

An individual basidium ultimately produces:

A) eight diploid spores
B) four genetically identical haploid spores
C) four haploid spores, each genetically different
D) eight identical haploid spores
E) eight haploid spores, of which there are two each of four different genetic types

Question 34

The hyphae of basidiomycetes:

A) can contain one diploid nucleus
B) can contain one haploid nucleus
C) can be dikaryotic
D) can be heterokaryotic
E) can be any of the choices provided except "one diploid nucleus"

Question 35

Fungi differ from plants and animals by having the spindle remaining enclosed within the nuclear envelope during nuclear division.

Question 36

Wildlife benefit from endophytes because the endophytes cause more luxuriant plant growth.

Question 37

In a lichen, the fungus and the symbiotic algae are highly coevolved.

Question 38

Many kinds of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes have lost the ability to reproduce sexually.

Question 39

Some chytrids parasitize protists.

Question 40

Some yeasts have "stripped-down" genomes as small as 200 protein-coding genes.