Deck 10: Multicellularity

Question 1

Which of the following type of organism is always multicellular?

A) animals only
B) plants only
C) archae only
D) prokaryotes only
E) both animals and plants

Answer 1

both animals and plants

Question 2

Which of the following is most TRUE about multicellular organisms when compared with unicellular organisms?

A) Multicellular organisms carry out specialized functions, while unicellular organisms do not.
B) Multicellular organisms can reproduce themselves, while unicellular organisms cannot.
C) Multicellular organisms can digest more complex molecules than unicellular organisms.
D) Multicellular organisms tend to have larger genomes than unicellular organisms.
E) Multicellular organisms show development while unicellular organisms do not.

Answer 2

Multicellular organisms tend to have larger genomes than unicellular organisms.

Question 3

In animals, which of the following structures is largely composed of extracellular matrix?

A) kidney
B) intestine
C) eye
D) cartilage
E) muscle

Answer 3

cartilage

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a function of the extracellular matrix?

A) provides strength
B) provides structural support
C) provides organization of cells throughout the organism
D) provides an important source of energy for the organism
E) cell signaling

Question 5

Which of the following ECM molecules provides tensile strength?

A) fibronectin
B) collagen
C) laminin
D) elastin
E) proteoglycan

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the ECM is most CORRECT?

A) It is composed of living cells.
B) Its components are produced by specialized cells and transported throughout the body and deposited around the cell.
C) It is a source of protein for cells.
D) It protects cells from infectious agents.
E) Its components are produced and secreted by the cell.

Question 7

The major macromolecules of the ECM are polysaccharides and

A) lipids.
B) fat.
C) proteins.
D) nucleotides.
E) amino acids.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about collagen is INCORRECT?

A) There can be numerous types of collagen in multicellular organisms
B) It is produced from polymers of amino acids.
C) It tends to promote the "sticky" characteristics of the ECM.
D) Its breakdown is a contributing characteristic of wrinkling during aging.
E) It is a major component of the ECM for cartilage and bone.

Question 9

Which ECM molecule provides structure while allowing certain tissues to expand and contract (e.g., lungs during breathing, intestine during digestion)?

A) collagen
B) elastin
C) fibronectin
D) laminin
E) glycosaminoglycans

Question 10

This polysaccharide is an important ECM component for the exoskeleton of many insects and shellfish.

A) proteoglycan
B) glycosaminoglycans
C) collagen
D) chitin
E) laminin

Question 11

Which of the following ECM molecules is probably the most abundant organic molecule on Earth?

A) proteoglycans
B) collagen
C) chitin
D) cellulose
E) laminins

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the cell wall is FALSE?

A) The cell wall constitutes the ECM of plants.
B) The cell wall is composed predominantly of proteins.
C) The cell wall provides protection, rigidity, and shape to plant cells.
D) The cell wall is composed of two distinct layers.
E) The cell wall is composed mainly of carbohydrates.

Question 13

All of the following statements about cellulose are true EXCEPT:

A) Cellulose is composed of fibers of carbohydrates.
B) Cellulose is an important source of plant fiber for our diet.
C) Cellulose is the primary molecule found in wood.
D) Cellulose is one of the most abundant organic molecules on Earth.
E) Certain animals like ourselves can easily digest cellulose and use it as a source of energy.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of cellular junctions?

A) Cellular junctions hold adjacent cells together.
B) Cellular junctions prevent leakage of materials between cell layers.
C) Cellular junctions permit the direct exchange of small molecules between cytosol of adjacent cells.
D) Cellular junctions bond cells to their ECM.
E) Cellular junctions promote the motility of adjacent cells.

Question 15

All of the following represent anchoring junctions EXCEPT

A) tight junctions.
B) focal adhesions.
C) hemidesmosomes.
D) desmosomes.
E) adherens junctions.

Question 16

These act as rivets anchoring adjacent cells together at spots throughout the cell.

A) adherens junctions
B) desmosomes
C) hemidesmosomes
D) focal adhesions
E) fibronectin

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a component of focal adhesions?

A) cadherins
B) integrins
C) actin filaments
D) linker protein
E) fibronectin/collagen

Question 18

All of the following are components of the adherens junction complex EXCEPT

A) cadherins.
B) Ca²⁺.
C) intermediate filaments.
D) linker protein.
E) actin filaments.

Question 19

Which of the following cell junctions would function the LEAST like glue?

A) gap junctions
B) adherens junctions
C) focal adhesions
D) hemidesmosomes
E) desmosomes

Question 20

This forms a seal that prevents the movement of substances between cells, for instance from the intestinal lumen into the blood.

A) gap junctions
B) tight junctions
C) desmosomes
D) hemidesmosomes
E) focal adhesions

Question 21

Gap junctions are to animal cells as ________ are to plant cells?

A) middle lamella
B) hemidesmosomes
C) plasmodesmata
D) primary cell walls
E) tight junctions

Question 22

What structure cements plant cells together?

A) middle lamella
B) hemidesmosomes
C) plasmodesmata
D) primary cell walls
E) adherens junctions

Question 23

Which of the cell adhesion molecules is critical to transducing changes in the ECM to a change in the cell?

A) connexins
B) cadherins
C) integrins
D) fibronectins
E) claudins

Question 24

Which of the following junctions are important for cell signaling?

A) adherins junctions
B) gap junctions
C) plasmodesmata
D) desmosomes
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 25

The heart is a(n) ________ composed mainly of ________ tissue?

A) tissue, cardiac
B) organ, muscle
C) tissue, connective
D) organ, connective
E) organ, epithelial

Question 26

Which of the following basic cell processes is NOT required for creating a tissue?

A) cell division and differentiation
B) cell connections
C) cell morphology
D) cell death
E) cell migration

Question 27

This type of tissue is rich in extracellular matrix and includes tendon and cartilage.

A) muscle
B) connective
C) epithelial
D) nervous
E) hepatic

Question 28

Which of the following tissue type covers or forms the lining of all internal and external body surfaces?

A) muscle
B) connective
C) epithelial
D) nervous
E) hepatic

Question 29

The epithelial tissue of animal cells is most similar to the ________ of plant cells?

A) xylem
B) vascular
C) dermal
D) ground
E) phloem

Question 30

Which type of tissue constitutes most of the wood of a tree trunk?

A) dermal tissue
B) parenchyma tissue
C) collenchyma tissue
D) sclerenchyma tissue
E) vascular tissue

Question 31

Which of the following is TRUE of cork?

A) It represents the major dermal tissue in bark.
B) It helps transport nutrients and fluid.
C) It serves a protective function
D) It both represents the major dermal tissue in bark and helps transport nutrients and fluid.
E) It both represents the major dermal tissue in bark and serves a protective function.

Question 32

Wrinkling observed with aging is do to low production of the extracellular matrix molecule, fibronectin.

Question 33

Rivets hold steel structures together much in the same way as tight junctions hold cells together.

Question 34

Integrin is a membrane protein that integrates changes in the ECM to alterations in movement or behavior of the cell.

Question 35

The heart, skeletal muscles, and blood vessels all share a common feature in that they are composed of muscle tissue.

Question 36

The most prominent tissue type present in plants is the dermis.