Deck 11: Parole and Reintegration

Question 1

______ can be defined as the early release of an offender from a secure facility on completion of a certain portion of their sentence; the remainder of their sentence is served in the community.

A) Parole
B) Incarceration
C) Probation
D) Intermediate sanctions

Answer 1

Parole

Question 2

Among those on parole, roughly ______ is a female offender.

A) one out of every four
B) one out of every six
C) one out of every eight
D) one out of every ten

Answer 2

one out of every eight

Question 3

The proportion of Caucasian parolees has increased during the past several years, comprising ______ of the overall parole population in 2016.

A) 50%
B) 45%
C) 23%
D) 90%

Answer 3

45%

Question 4

In 2016, the majority of parolees were convicted of ______ offenses.

A) drug
B) violent
C) property
D) public order

Question 5

While Alexander Maconochie first developed a general scheme for parole, it was Sir Walter Crofton who later refined the idea and created what was referred to as the ______.

A) indeterminate sentence
B) ticket of leave
C) penal colony
D) split sentence

Question 6

What was a permit given to a convict in exchange for a certain period of good conduct?

A) ticket of leave
B) good time
C) split sentence
D) shock incarceration

Question 7

The prisoners at ______ were the worst of the worst; they had already been shipped to Australia for criminal acts committed in England only to be later shipped there due to additional criminal acts or forms of misconduct committed while serving time in Australia.

A) Devil's Island
B) Norfolk Island
C) Tasmania
D) Nasser Island

Question 8

What was a system where the duration of the sentence was determined by the inmate's work habits and righteous conduct?

A) good time
B) ticket of leave
C) mark system
D) indeterminate sentencing

Question 9

What early system was based on the premise that inmates should be gradually prepared for full release?

A) good time
B) reentry
C) restorative justice
D) mark system

Question 10

In 1853, Alexander Maconochie successfully lobbied for the ______, which established several rehabilitation programs for offenders.

A) Prison Reform Act
B) English Penal Servitude Act
C) Jail Servitude Act
D) French Penal Act

Question 11

Which of the following was a way in which the Irish system developed by Crofton was much more detailed than the system created by Maconochie?

A) It provided specific written instructions and guidelines that provided for close supervision and control of the offender.
B) It provided for the use of police personnel to supervise released offenders in rural areas.
C) It called for an inspector of released prisoners in the city of Dublin.
D) all of these

Question 12

From 1976 onward, more than ______ states and the federal government abolished the use of parole.

A) 19
B) 10
C) 3
D) 14

Question 13

What act extended the life of the U.S. Parole Commission until November 1, 2002, but only in regard to supervising offenders who were still on parole from previous years?

A) Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996
B) Parole Commission Reorganization Act of 1976
C) Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
D) Judicial Improvements Act of 1990

Question 14

Parole of federal inmates began after enactment of legislation on June 25th of which year?

A) 1940
B) 1930
C) 1920
D) 1910

Question 15

By which year was a single Board of Parole in Washington,

A) 1925
B) 1930
C) 1945
D) 1960

Question 16

Which act established the U.S. Parole Commission as an independent agency within the Department of Justice?

A) Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996
B) Parole Commission and Reorganization Act of 1976
C) Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
D) Judicial Improvements Act of 1990

Question 17

Which act retitled the Board of Parole as the U.S. Parole Commission?

A) Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996
B) Parole Commission and Reorganization Act of 1976
C) Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
D) Judicial Improvements Act of 1990

Question 18

In the federal system, the modified version of early release is afforded some federal inmates based on requisites related to ______.

A) sentence completion
B) type of original crime
C) discretion of the parole board
D) correctional behavior

Question 19

In the federal system, what type of release is provided as a separate part of the sentence under the jurisdiction of the court?

A) unsupervised
B) supervised
C) discretionary
D) phaseout

Question 20

In the federal system, what entity has the authority to impose sanctions on released inmates if they violate the terms or conditions of their supervision?

A) parole agency
B) court
C) parole board
D) prosecuting attorney

Question 21

What act required the attorney general to report to Congress annually beginning in 1998 on whether it was more cost-effective for the Parole Commission to continue as a separate agency or for its remaining functions to be transferred elsewhere?

A) Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996
B) Parole Commission and Reorganization Act of 1976
C) Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
D) Judicial Improvements Act of 1990

Question 22

The United States Parole Commission Extension Act of ______ was passed to provide for the continued performance of the Parole Commission.

A) 1993
B) 2000
C) 2008
D) 1932

Question 23

What type of offense prediction is costly to prison systems because they will continue to incarcerate persons who are, in reality, at no risk of reoffending?

A) underprediction
B) subjective
C) overprediction
D) discretionary

Question 24

State parole boards are often constructed by the ______ of a given state.

A) director of corrections
B) governor
C) Supreme Court
D) attorney general

Question 25

What occurs when correctional systems use parole to reduce correctional populations?

A) release valve mechanism
B) discretionary release parole
C) institutional release parole
D) institutional valve release

Question 26

Which type of parole officer works to aid the offender in making the transition from prison life to community supervision?

A) revocation
B) authoritative
C) institutional
D) united

Question 27

What function is an institutional parole officer serving when he or she assesses an offender's suitability for parole?

A) restoration
B) security
C) retributive
D) reintegration

Question 28

What function is an institutional parole officer serving when he or she is providing casework services inside the prison and networks that extend beyond the prison?

A) security
B) reintegration
C) retributive
D) restoration

Question 29

The prerelease planning process typically begins about ______ prior to the offender's release.

A) 2 months
B) 1 year
C) 6 months
D) 9 months

Question 30

Throughout the prerelease planning process, agency administration will tend to track the offender's progress, keeping a careful eye on the ______ prior to release.

A) 24 months
B) 18 months
C) 12 months
D) 6 months

Question 31

The Offender Accountability Plan addresses needs for ______, the need to respect the rights and privacy of prior victims, and any particular arrangements that have been made with the victim as well as any necessary provisions to ensure the offender's responsibility to the community at large.

A) incarceration
B) justice
C) restitution
D) capital punishment

Question 32

Which of the following is true regarding the actual day of release for the offender leaving prison?

A) The seriousness of the new challenge ahead should be kept in focus.
B) It is an important milestone and is actually critical to his or her successful reintegration.
C) It should be treated as more than a nostalgic moment.
D) all of these

Question 33

What includes all activities and programming conducted to prepare ex-offenders to return safely to the community and to live as law-abiding citizens?

A) offender reentry
B) prerelease planning
C) parole
D) prerelease

Question 34

What legislation authorizes federal grants to government agencies and nonprofit organizations to provide employment assistance, substance abuse treatment, housing, family programming, mentoring, victim support, and other services that can help reduce recidivism?

A) Reentry Release Act
B) Second Chance Act
C) Parole Reentry Act
D) Roadmap to Reentry Act

Question 35

What identifies five evidence-based principles that guide efforts to improve correctional programs that are developed for those who will reenter society after being incarcerated?

A) Roadmap to Reentry
B) Second Chance Act
C) Parole Reorganization Act
D) Roadmap to Parole

Question 36

According to the Roadmap to Reentry, which of the five evidence-based principles states that upon incarceration, every inmate should be provided an individualized reentry plan tailored to his or her risk of recidivism and programmatic needs?

A) Principle V
B) Principle I
C) Principle III
D) Principle II

Question 37

According to the Roadmap to Reentry, which of the five evidence-based principles states that while incarcerated, each inmate should be provided the resources and opportunity to build and maintain family relationships, strengthening the support system available to them upon release?

A) Principle IV
B) Principle I
C) Principle II
D) Principle III

Question 38

According to the Roadmap to Reentry, which of the five evidence-based principles states that during transition back into the community, halfway houses and supervised release programs should ensure individualized continuity of care for returning citizens?

A) Principle IV
B) Principle II
C) Principle V
D) Principle III

Question 39

The author of Chapter 11 is a member of the governor's reentry council in which state?

A) Mississippi
B) Louisiana
C) Florida
D) Alabama

Question 40

What all tend to consist of a collaboration of partners who meet routinely throughout the year so as to pool resources and optimize reentry efforts in their area?

A) state parole boards
B) institutional parole councils
C) reentry councils
D) federal parole boards

Question 41

According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the Federal Interagency Reentry Council brings together 20 agencies that are tasked with the mission of achieving all of the following, except ______.

A) making communities safer by reducing recidivism and victimization
B) saving taxpayer dollars by lowering the direct and collateral costs of incarceration
C) releasing prisoners in order to relieve overcrowding in the nation's facilities
D) assisting those who return from prison and jail in becoming productive citizens

Question 42

Which faith-based organization works with a variety of organizations in the community to provide offenders with housing, transportation, employment, job skills, spiritual guidance, mental health, and substance abuse assistance?

A) Franks Inc.
B) Williams LLC
C) Woodward Inc.
D) Freedman Inc.

Question 43

A prime focus of the Federal Interagency Reentry Council is to remove barriers to effective ______.

A) prisons
B) reentry
C) parole
D) treatment

Question 44

Which of the following is not one of the offender needs that are specifically cited by the Federal Interagency Reentry Council (USDOJ, 2016)?

A) collateral consequences
B) housing
C) reservation communities
D) prisonization issues

Question 45

The parole revocation process is often a two-stage one that was initially set forth in which U.S. Supreme Court case?

A) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
B) Fulwood v. Clemmer
C) Morrissey v. Brewer
D) LeMaire v. Maass

Question 46

Which of the following is not an element of the second hearing of a parole revocation process?

A) It is held to determine if probable cause exists in relation to allegations against parolee made by parole officer.
B) The parolee is provided with written notice of the alleged violations.
C) The parolee is entitled to disclosure of the evidence to be used against him or her.
D) The parolee has the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses.

Question 47

Parole ______ are primarily tasked with the routine holding of preliminary parole revocation hearings by reviewing the allegations made by parole officers against parolees.

A) detectives
B) revocation officers
C) drug counselors
D) abuse counselors

Question 48

Which of the following is true regarding preliminary parole revocation proceedings?

A) These hearings are administrative and not nearly as formal as those held by a judge in a true court of law.
B) Most are not complicated, however a degree of discretion is required on occasion.
C) Typically, these courts are routine in nature, but some rulings and findings of fact may vary.
D) all of these

Question 49

About 92% of those on parole are female offenders.

Question 50

The proportion of Caucasian parolees has increased during the past several years.

Question 51

The ticket of leave was basically a permit that was given to an offender in exchange for a certain period of good conduct.

Question 52

During the period from 1980 through the 1990s, correctional thought reflected what was referred to as the medical model.

Question 53

By 1976, more than 14 states and the federal government abolished the use of parole.

Question 54

The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 created the U.S. Sentencing Commission to establish sentencing guidelines for the federal courts and established a regimen of determinate sentences.

Question 55

With respect to the administration and organization of parole boards, it is clear that there is no variation in their structure and implementation.

Question 56

While each state has the right and ability to administer community supervision functions in a manner that is most suitable for that state, there are as many similarities between probation and parole programs around the nation as there are differences.

Question 57

The recommendations that individual parole board members provide are typically honored and accepted as written.

Question 58

The key concern when granting parole is cost of incarceration.

Question 59

In states that still utilize parole, granting parole is one method state prison systems use to resolve overcrowding problems.

Question 60

Initially, the intent behind parole was to provide an incentive to inmates for exhibiting antisocial behavior while also providing for a gradual process of reintegration prison.

Question 61

Whenever correctional systems use parole with the intent to reduce correctional populations rather than facilitate reintegration of offenders, they are using it as a release valve mechanism for their prison population.

Question 62

The use of parole as a release valve is becoming increasingly more uncommon due to recent economic challenges facing state governments.

Question 63

Institutional parole officer works to aid the offender in making the transition from prison life to community supervision.

Question 64

The prerelease planning process typically begins about 2 years prior to an offender's release.

Question 65

The reentry admission plan addresses needs for restitution, the need to respect the rights and privacy of prior victims, and any particular arrangements that have been made with the victim as well as any necessary provisions to ensure the offender's responsibility to the community at large.

Question 66

One job of the institutional parole officer is to ensure that appropriate support for coping is provided to the offender who may be disappointed and/or overwhelmed by their release experience.

Question 67

Freedman Inc. is a faith-based organization that works with a variety of organizations in the community to provide offenders with housing, transportation, employment, job skills, spiritual guidance, mental health, and substance abuse assistance.

Question 68

Parole revocation officers are primarily tasked with the routine holding of preliminary parole revocation hearings by reviewing allegations made by parole officers against parolees.

Question 69

Identify and discuss the contributions of Sir Walter Crofton to the development of parole.

Question 70

What did the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 establish?

Question 71

Describe the concept of "release valve mechanisms".

Question 72

What is an institutional parole officer?

Question 73

What is an offender accountability plan?

Question 74

The Federal Interagency Reentry Council brings together 20 agencies that are tasked with various missions. Describe several of the council's missions.

Question 75

What is the main task of a parole revocations officer?

Question 76

Describe the statistics regarding parole and parolee characteristics.

Question 77

Currently, the U.S. Sentencing Commission oversees the supervision of offenders who leave federal confinement early due to credit for good behavior. What does the 2007 Federal Guidelines Manual discuss as to what the court may do?

Question 78

Explain the Roadmap to Reentry and identify the five evidence-based principles to optimal reentry efforts contained therein.

Question 79

Explain the Federal Interagency Reentry Council as well as its prime focus.