Deck 13: Developing Your Multicultural Orientation and Skills

Question 1

Regarding multicultural theory, which statement(s) is/are true?

A) Multicultural theory is a specific theory of psychotherapy.
B) To obtain maximum benefit from counseling, culturally diverse clients should be expected to change to fit a dominant culture.
C) All theories and approaches to doing counseling must be or become multiculturally sensitive.
D) There are 12 "other theories" of psychotherapy and then a 13th multicultural theory.
E) Both a and d are true.

Answer 1

All theories and approaches to doing counseling must be or become multiculturally sensitive.

Question 2

Which statement is NOT true regarding cultural oppression?

A) Some judgments that are remarkably racist were historically framed as multiculturally sensitive.
B) It is not unusual for one group to claim that another is benefiting from systematic oppression.
C) The dominant culture is both intentionally and inadvertently oppressive.
D) Cultural oppression no longer exists as a result of multicultural theory.
E) There are many examples in which dominant white American-European physicians, psychologists, counselors, and social workers displayed profound insensitivity toward diverse cultures.

Answer 2

Cultural oppression no longer exists as a result of multicultural theory.

Question 3

Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of the multicultural counseling perspective?

A) Historical oppression of individuals who were ethnically different.
B) Current intentional and/or inadvertent oppression of minority groups.
C) Natural superiority of particular racial groups.
D) None of the above.
E) Only a and b.

Answer 3

Only a and b.

Question 4

What does color blindness refer to?

A) The process of noticing cultural, but not racial differences.
B) The process of ignoring racial and cultural differences-which translates to a denial that racism and white privilege exists.
C) The process of engaging individuals from different racial and ethnic groups to develop more culturally sensitive counseling practices.
D) None of the above.
E) Only a and c.

Question 5

S. A. Cartwright claimed discovery of drapetomania, which he described as:

A) A mental disease peculiar to women.
B) A tendency for an individual to be obsessed with Dracula.
C) A mental disease that caused slaves to become emotionally attached to their masters.
D) A mental disease that caused slaves to have uncontrollable urges to run away from their masters.
E) A physical ailment for which there is no known cure.

Question 6

The cure for dysethesis was extra hard labor, which supposedly:

A) Caused blood to reach the brain and give liberty to the mind.
B) Whipped the devil out of people with the condition.
C) Kept slaves in ideal physical condition.
D) None of the above.
E) Both a and c.

Question 7

Which of these statements is the most contrary to or in opposition of what Freud would say about being a woman?

A) There is no cure for being born as a woman.
B) Women make decisions based on feelings of affection or hostility.
C) Women show less sense of justice than men.
D) Women are less ready to submit to the great necessities of life.
E) Women have overdeveloped superegos.

Question 8

The multicultural movement in psychology and counseling was made possible in part by which of the following factors?

A) Division 29 of the APA taking a strong pro-multicultural stance.
B) Shifting awareness with the U.S. populace and political changes within the U.S. government.
C) The Civil Rights Act of 1964.
D) The launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union.
E) Both b and c.

Question 9

Most generally, culture is understood as a set of learnings one obtains from the ___________ into which one has been born.

A) Overall environment.
B) Family values.
C) Geographic region.
D) Planet.
E) Gene pool.

Question 10

Examples of culture include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Gender.
B) Disability.
C) Class.
D) Sexual orientation.
E) These all can be viewed as examples of culture.

Question 11

Which of the following best defines white privilege?

A) The tendency of the dominant culture to be unconscious or oblivious to their cultural advantages and readily available unearned assets.
B) The tendency of the dominant culture to demand special treatment.
C) The tendency of the dominant culture to reject special treatment.
D) Economic discounts available to white citizens of the United States.
E) None of the above.

Question 12

Which of the following is/are the best definition(s) for the term stereotype?

A) The human tendency to accurately distinguish between different classes of objects.
B) A standardized and oversimplified mental picture or idea about members of a group.
C) An auditory processing deficit that has been linked to white privilege.
D) The process of ignoring racial and cultural differences-which translates to a denial that racism and white privilege exist.
E) Both b and c.

Question 13

Which of the following was NOT identified as a theme that white trainees fear when engaging in interracial dialogues?

A) Appearing racist.
B) Feelings of having no right to dialogue on race.
C) Endorsement of color blindness.
D) Accepting their white privilege.
E) Reactions of anxiety, helplessness, and feeling misunderstood.

Question 14

Which of the following did Sue et al. (2010) offer as a recommendation for continued progress in facilitating valuable multicultural and intercultural discussions?

A) Confronting people who are racist and telling them why they are wrong.
B) Instructor/facilitator role modeling of openness and honesty.
C) Facilitating closed and careful discussions.
D) Encouraging individuals to try to control feelings and emotional reactions for the betterment of the group.
E) None of the above.

Question 15

Kim Lee has chosen to come to counseling. His therapist is using a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) model to help Kim overcome his harsh and negative self-statements. Kim complains that he finds these internal statements to be helpful to him in his life. Which statement is true about this counseling process?

A) Imported Western ideas of psychopathology-negative self-statements-may not be a good fit for Asian clients.
B) Kim is exhibiting resistance.
C) Kim needs training in becoming acculturated.
D) Modifying or eliminating these negative self-statements makes good sense to most Asian clients, so Kim's complaint is puzzling.
E) This is a good example of why Western psychology is usually directly applicable in Asia and with Asian clients.

Question 16

Which statement is true regarding the impact of Western ideological presuppositions on Asia?

A) Asians are now confronted by stereotypes about themselves generated by not only Western researchers but also Asian researchers relying on imported, mainly American, psychology.
B) Most of Western psychology is applicable in Asia.
C) A reliance on Western psychology has led to a greater understanding of Asian culture.
D) CBT is one of the most effective interventions for Asian clients.
E) All of the above.

Question 17

____________ is broadly defined as the valuing of diverse perspectives.

A) Cultural awareness.
B) Multiculturalism.
C) Acculturation.
D) Assimilation.
E) Sensitivity.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a basic multicultural principle that forms the foundation of multicultural theory and practice?

A) A multicultural stance can foster greater understanding between cultural groups.
B) We make distinctions between groups of people based on race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, physical and mental disabilities, and socioeconomic status.
C) Cultural membership is sometimes linked to disadvantage or to privilege.
D) Both a and b.
E) None of the above; these are all basic, foundational multicultural principles.

Question 19

What are the three sets of multicultural competencies?

A) Feminism, antistereotyping, transitional consciousness.
B) Awareness of diversity, valuing diversity, embracing diversity.
C) Awareness of the history of racial oppression, awareness of stereotyping, awareness of prejudice.
D) Awareness, knowledge, skills.
E) Acculturation, awareness, alignment.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT one of the American Psychological Association's six Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (2002)?

A) Culturally appropriate clinical skills.
B) Refraining from doing research on the dominant culture.
C) Self-awareness of biased attitudes and beliefs.
D) Culturally sensitive research.
E) Multicultural sensitivity/responsiveness.

Question 21

Multicultural assessment begins with:

A) Confronting clients about their own racism.
B) Telling your client that you are not racist or prejudiced.
C) Providing the same diagnosis regardless of your client's culture or background.
D) Sorting out your own existing or potential biases.
E) None of the above.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding psychiatric disorders and culture?

A) Psychiatric disorders do not need to be considered when working with clients from diverse cultures.
B) The DSM has always been culturally sensitive.
C) No psychiatric diagnosis can be understood apart from culture.
D) None of the above.
E) Both a and b.

Question 23

To provide culturally competent assessments, therapists should:

A) Examine the norms that the tests were standardized upon.
B) Observe for culture-specific syndromes.
C) Select culture-specific tests.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above; multicultural assessment is always invalid.

Question 24

Hays's ADDRESSING acronym is a tool designed to help therapists recognize a wide range of cultural and personal dimensions affecting client identity. Which of the following is NOT part of the ADDRESSING acronym?

A) Acculturation.
B) Socioeconomic status.
C) Ethnic and racial identity.
D) Developmental disabilities.
E) Sexual orientation.

Question 25

Early research indicated that about ______ of ethnically diverse clients dropped out of treatment after only one session (S. Sue, 1977).

A) 25%.
B) 35%.
C) 50%.
D) 75%.
E) 100%.

Question 26

When working with a client who is culturally different, the best thing to do to learn about the client's culture is:

A) Ask as many questions as need be to learn about the culture.
B) Pretend to know everything and do the research later.
C) Be honest, encourage communication, and research the client's culture.
D) Always start the session by directly talking about the specific cultural differences between your client and you.
E) Always avoid talking directly about race and culture, because it can make clients uncomfortable.

Question 27

If you are a therapist with a minority status, it is important to:

A) See only clients from your own culture.
B) Inform clients from the dominant culture of their white privilege.
C) Consult with mentors that have had similar experiences.
D) Sort out your own existing or potential biases.
E) Both c and d.

Question 28

The description of a bicultural orientation within American Indian populations is best described as:

A) The individual thinks in the native tongue and practices traditional tribal customs and tribal worship methods.
B) The individual is relatively comfortable and conversant in both sets of cultural values.
C) The individual is oriented toward the mainstream social culture and has little interest in traditional tribal practices.
D) The individual is not fully connected with either traditional Indian culture or mainstream society.
E) None of the above.

Question 29

The description of a pantraditional orientation within American Indian populations is best described as:

A) The individual is relatively comfortable and conversant in both sets of cultural values.
B) The individual is not fully connected with either traditional Indian culture or mainstream society.
C) The individual thinks in the native tongue and practices traditional tribal customs and tribal worship methods.
D) The individual is fully connected with a third culture, a culture that is neither his or her original cultural nor the dominant culture.
E) The individual has been exposed to and perhaps has adopted mainstream values but has made an intentional effort to return to traditional values.

Question 30

Acculturation is directly related to the melting pot concept, which implies that:

A) Over time, cultures should melt down, adding their own flavor and color to the "American soup," while losing their distinguishing features in the process.
B) We should all be separate and segregated within our own cultures to preserve unique cultural traditions.
C) Everyone should intentionally conform to mainstream dominant culture, as we are all going to eventually melt into one anyway.
D) We are all of one original race and belong in the same soup.
E) None of the above.

Question 31

The process of giving up one's traditional cultural values and behaviors while taking on the values and behaviors of the dominant social structure is known as:

A) Cultural awareness.
B) Acculturation.
C) Conforming.
D) Male as normative.
E) The melting pot.

Question 32

Which statement is true regarding individualist versus collectivist cultures?

A) Western culture maintains a collectivist worldview.
B) In collectivist cultures, values and norms are usually very different.
C) In the individualist worldview, the self and the personality are defined in terms of the group.
D) Individualists orient toward individual responsibility and personal goals.
E) Collectivist cultures place an enormous value on the individual's personal liberty and self-interest.

Question 33

When working with clients with a collectivist cultural background, it is important to:

A) Slowly and indirectly help the client develop individualistic values because they will help with the client's success in U.S. culture.
B) Explicitly teach the client to live by individualistic values.
C) Recognize that the client may value family and community goals over individual ones.
D) Recognize that family and communal attitudes can be detrimental to an individual's development of a coherent sense of self.
E) Embrace collectivism by inviting your own family in to join in the therapy process.

Question 34

According to Griner and Smith (2006), the most important cultural adaptation associated with a positive treatment outcome is:

A) Ethnic matching.
B) Connecting clients with external agencies for additional services.
C) Language matching.
D) None of the above.
E) Only and b.

Question 35

Therapists who use ______________ form hypotheses about their clients rather than coming to firm and premature conclusions.

A) Language matching.
B) Culture-specific expertise.
C) Dynamic sizing.
D) Scientific-mindedness.
E) Acculturation.

Question 36

According to Thomas Moore (1994):

A) Psychology and spirituality must be separated.
B) Psychology and spirituality need to be seen as one.
C) Spirituality and psychology are completely unrelated.
D) Spirituality is irrelevant to the psychological business of counseling and psychotherapy.
E) None of the above.

Question 37

For most indigenous people and for most people born and raised in Asia, Africa, or Latin America, spirituality:

A) Is not all that important.
B) Is a critical life force.
C) Is separate from other aspects in their lives.
D) Both a and c.
E) None of the above.

Question 38

Which statement is true regarding ethnic-specific services?

A) Research shows that ethnic-specific services have no impact.
B) Ethnic-specific services should not be provided, as all clients should be treated the same.
C) Ethnic-specific services are mandatory when working with ethnic clients.
D) Ethnic-specific services are not useful unless used in conjunction with language matching.
E) Research shows that ethnic clients stay in treatment longer when offered ethnic-specific services.

Question 39

It's 20 years down the road; you have long completed your theories class and are now in your own private practice. How do you let your clients know you are multiculturally sensitive?

A) Hang a sign on the door.
B) Include multiculturally sensitive language in your informed consent.
C) Put photos up of yourself from your various world travels.
D) Have gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender (GLBT)-sensitive materials in your waiting room.
E) Both b and d are true.

Question 40

What is affirmative psychotherapy?

A) Psychotherapy designed for American Indian clients.
B) Psychotherapy designed for Latino clients.
C) Psychotherapy designed for gay and lesbian clients.
D) None of the above.
E) Only a and c.

Question 41

What is true about treatment outcomes research pertaining to multicultural counseling?

A) There hasn't been a single study that analyzed the efficacy of the treatment by ethnicity or culture.
B) Research indicates that cognitive-behavioral therapy is highly efficacious with Latino/a and gay and lesbian clients, but not with American Indian, Asian, or other ethnic minorities.
C) Most randomized clinical trials include extensive information about culture.
D) A recent well-controlled study found therapy was ineffective for nonwhite clients.
E) Language matching is irrelevant to treatment success.

Question 42

The effects of multicultural training on therapy outcome are:

A) Very negative; multicultural training makes outcomes worse.
B) Slightly negative.
C) Unequivocal.
D) Very positive; multicultural training produces better outcomes.
E) Unknown.