Deck 10: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination: Causes and Consequences

Question 1

The study conducted by Kenneth and Mamie Clark testing children's attitudes toward black and white dolls was used as evidence for which of the following?

A) To support segregation
B) To demonstrate the destructive effects of segregation
C) To support the idea that black children learn better when taught with other black children
D) To show that black children could more easily recognize black faces

Answer 1

To demonstrate the destructive effects of segregation

Question 2

The tendency to hold a hostile attitude toward an individual because of his or her racial background is known as:

A) sexism
B) racial tolerance
C) racial discrimination
D) racial prejudice

Answer 2

racial prejudice

Question 3

Which of the following statements concerning stereotypes can be considered FALSE?

A) Stereotypes can be useful because they supply basic information about our social world.
B) Once a stereotype has formed, it can be difficult to change.
C) People have a tendency to ignore new information that does not support their stereotype.
D) Stereotypes do not change.

Answer 3

Stereotypes do not change.

Question 4

Richard feels women in his company should not get promoted over men but also feels that men should take care of women and support them in achieving certain types of goals.You might describe Richard's contradictory beliefs as:

A) hostile sexism
B) ambivalent sexism
C) prejudice
D) benevolent sexism

Question 5

A negative learned attitude towards particular groups of people is best defined as:

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) sexism.
D) racism.

Question 6

In 1976,65% of first year college students agreed that married women should confine their activities to the home and family.By 2002,that number had:

A) decreased to 50%.
B) increased to 70%.
C) decreased to 22%.
D) decreased to 5%.

Question 7

Old fashioned sexism is to ____________ as modern sexism is to ____________.

A) subtle sexism; overt sexism
B) overt sexism; subtle sexism
C) subtle sexism; benevolent sexism
D) benevolent sexism; hostile sexism

Question 8

___________ refers to a behavior directed toward a group of people based solely on their membership in that group.

A) racism
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) sexism

Question 9

An apartment complex manager refuses to rent apartments to Hispanic families.This is an example of:

A) racism.
B) prejudice.
C) sexism.
D) a stereotype.

Question 10

Stereotypes are most closely associated with which of the following?

A) reasoned action
B) automatic processing
C) discrimination
D) controlled processing

Question 11

The idea that women should stay home and take care of the children while men should go out and earn money for the family best describes the notion of:

A) sexism.
B) racial prejudice.
C) gender prejudice.
D) gender stereotypes.

Question 12

Prejudice is to ___________ as discrimination is to ___________.

A) behavior; attitudes
B) attitudes; behavior
C) emotions; attitudes
D) feelings; attitudes

Question 13

Which of the following findings supports the idea that gender stereotypes form very early on in life?

A) Babies paid more attention to pictures of men and women performing gender inconsistent activities.
B) Babies did not pay attention to men and women performing gender inconsistent activities
C) Babies paid more attention to pictures of men performing traditionally masculine activities.
D) Babies paid more attention pictures of women performing traditionally feminine activities.

Question 14

You would expect that Jack,a Caucasian man,would more easily recognize people of which racial/ethnic group?

A) Blacks
B) Hispanics
C) Caucasians
D) Both Caucasians and Blacks

Question 15

The tendency to hold a hostile attitude toward an individual because of his or gender is termed___________.

A) hostile discrimination
B) discrimination
C) gender prejudice
D) gender stereotypes

Question 16

If you dislike individuals who are gay simply because of their sexual orientation,you are exhibiting:

A) discrimination.
B) prejudice.
C) racism.
D) prejudice and discrimination.

Question 17

The statement that all women are bad at math is an example of __________.

A) a stereotype
B) racism
C) discrimination
D) an implicit attitude

Question 18

An employer who refuses to hire an applicant based solely on his old age is guilty of:

A) racism.
B) prejudice.
C) discrimination.
D) racism and prejudice.

Question 19

Which type of sexism is more overt and characterized by the endorsement of traditional gender roles,differential treatment of men and women,and stereotypes about lesser female competence?

A) ambivalent sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) modern sexism
D) old-fashioned sexism

Question 20

Glick and colleagues have found that ambivalent sexism is more prevalent in people from:

A) countries with the greatest wealth.
B) countries with greatest degree of economic and political inequality between races.
C) countries that have very low educational achievement
D) countries with the greatest degree of economic and political inequality between the sexes.

Question 21

___________ is defined as the attitudes of whites who openly endorse egalitarian views but discriminate in ways they are able to rationalize.

A) Benevolent racism
B) Modern racism
C) Aversive racism
D) Sexism

Question 22

Which of the following represents the most likely reason why some see members of outgroups as 'all the same'?

A) Because we are less familiar with outgroup members.
B) Because outgroup members behave the same way.
C) Because media outlets always present people from other groups as 'all the same'.
D) Because outgroup members behave the same way and because media outlets always present people from other groups as 'all the same'.

Question 23

Which of the following can be considered evidence that prejudice still exists today in various forms?

A) Stereotypes may bias our perceptions and responses even if we don't necessarily agree with them.
B) Stereotypes are activated very rapidly.
C) Women now have the right to vote.
D) In 2008, 51% of hate crimes committed in the US were racially motivated.

Question 24

At company ABC,white workers seem to receive more informal mentoring from senior colleagues compared with black workers,which then allows them to get promoted at a higher rate.This best illustrates a form of:

A) overt racism
B) hostile racism
C) old-fashioned racism
D) modern racism

Question 25

Wendy believes that mothers on welfare have gotten themselves into their situation and don't deserve any government assistance.This best illustrates which of the following?

A) ingroup favoritism
B) ultimate attribution error
C) just-world hypothesis
D) outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 26

Brian believes in conformity and obedience to authority figures.In addition,he is intolerant of people who appear to display any form of weakness.This represents which personality type?

A) authoritarian
B) neurotic
C) unconventional
D) authoritative

Question 27

Jerry is a republican.Jerry would be LEAST likely to do a favor for which of the following people?

A) George, who is a democrat.
B) Mary, who is a republican.
C) Daniel, who lives in a different neighborhood but in the same town.
D) Brandon, his neighbor.

Question 28

Janet Swim and her colleagues found that men scored _________ than women on an old-fashioned sexism scale and _________ than women on a modern sexism scale.

A) higher; higher
B) higher; lower
C) lower; higher
D) lower; lower

Question 29

Which of the following would NOT be considered a source of stereotypes and prejudice?

A) social learning
B) social categorization
C) competition for scarce resources
D) increasing contact between members of different groups

Question 30

Marc is driving to work and sees a woman cause a 3-car accident on the highway.He is not surprised by this because he believes that almost all women are bad drivers.Marc's conclusion illustrates the concept of:

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) just-world hypothesis.
C) ultimate attribution error.
D) ingroup favoritism.

Question 31

Laura's family is deeply religious and she has grown up listening to her parents make disparaging remarks about other religious groups,especially those who are Jewish.Laura has developed similar negative feelings towards those who subscribe to Judaism.Laura's attitude likely formed through which of the following?

A) classical conditioning
B) social categorization
C) social learning
D) ingroup favoritism

Question 32

The notion that people 'get what they deserve' is associated with which of the following biases?

A) just-world hypothesis
B) ultimate attribution error
C) ingroup favoritism
D) outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 33

Dr.Jones,a professor who teaches literature,believes that most mathematics professors have poor social skills and are not very friendly.However,he sees people within his own discipline as possessing a range of social skills with varying degrees of friendliness.This example illustrates which phenomenon?

A) social cataloging
B) outgroup homogeneity effect
C) outgroup favoritism
D) ingroup favoritism

Question 34

Which researchers coined the term 'aversive racism'?

A) John Gaertner and Patricia Devine
B) Samuel Dovidio and Patricia Devine
C) Samuel Dovidio and John Gaertner
D) Patricia Devine and John Bargh

Question 35

Which of the following terms describes the process of dividing people into categories according to common attributes,such as race and gender?

A) ingroup favoritism
B) social categorization
C) outgroup homogeneity effect
D) outgroup favoritism

Question 36

Suppose Brenda has been promoted to run a construction company.Research suggests that people would be most likely to attribute her success to which of the following?

A) her intelligence level
B) her effort
C) luck
D) her intelligence level or her effort

Question 37

Which of the following represents a motivational factor related to the development of prejudice and discrimination?

A) social learning
B) social categorization
C) social classification
D) competition for scarce resources

Question 38

The idea that one's own group is naturally superior to other groups is known as__________.

A) social supremacy orientation
B) social dominance orientation
C) just-world hypothesis
D) outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 39

Based on research presented in your textbook related to aversive racism,you would predict that,despite similar qualifications,an individual with a name like _______ would be less likely to receive an interview than an individual with a name like _______.

A) Matthew; Tyrone
B) Greg; Matthew
C) Tyrone; Jamal
D) Tyrone; Sam

Question 40

Studies conducted with the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)suggests that people tend to hold implicit negative attitudes toward people of:

A) the same race
B) all races
C) a different race
D) just Hispanics

Question 41

The prejudice and discrimination that occurred in the Robber Cave experiment is explained,in part,by which of the following?

A) aversive racism
B) just-world hypothesis
C) realistic group conflict theory
D) modern racism

Question 42

Andrea knows that many people believe that women are not good at math.When taking the standardized test needed for admission to graduate school,she feels anxiety about the possibility that she might do poorly,thereby confirming society's expectation about women's math abilities.This example best describes the notion of:

A) relative deprivation
B) performance anxiety
C) stereotype threat
D) outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 43

Why are negative emotions,such as anger and fear,argued to increase the use of stereotyping?

A) Because negative emotions lead to central route processing
B) Because negative emotions lead to more controlled processing
C) Because negative emotions reduce the amount of cognitive resources available to people
D) Because negative emotions lead to central route processing and controlled processing

Question 44

A teacher believes that students in his class that are from lower income areas are not as intelligent as students from higher income areas.As a result,he inadvertently provides them with less challenging work and does not demand the same level of performance.Over time,these students begin to show a decline in their test scores across a variety of subject matters.This illustrates what phenomenon?

A) ingroup-favoritism
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) outgroup homogeneity effect
D) old-fashioned racism

Question 45

According to your textbook,which of the following conditions is associated with an increased tendency to engage in ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation?

A) a high status
B) being part of a small ingroup
C) being young
D) being part of a big ingroup

Question 46

A teacher who wants to reduce prejudice in her classroom and promote acceptance and harmony assigns the students to complete group projects where the final grade is dependent on each group member completing their assigned task.The teacher is utilizing what technique?

A) decreased contact
B) the jigsaw classroom technique
C) education
D) individual personal motivation

Question 47

Fear of confirming a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong is defined as ___________.

A) minimal ingroup paradigm
B) stereotype risk
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) stereotype threat

Question 48

Which of the following is described in your textbook as a consequence of stereotyping?

A) self-fulfilling prophecies
B) stereotype threat
C) decreased prejudice and discrimination
D) both self-fulfilling prophecies and stereotype threat

Question 49

Children with Williams Syndrome show abnormal activity in which part of the brain?

A) The amygdale.
B) The brain stem.
C) The occipital lobe.
D) The hippocampus.

Question 50

What appears to be one consequence of threatening a person's self-esteem?

A) It leads to increased understanding between members of different groups.
B) It decreases the tendency to stereotype.
C) It decreases the tendency to display prejudice.
D) It increases the tendency to stereotype.

Question 51

Which of the following does NOT represent a strategy for reducing stereotypes and prejudice?

A) Provide better education.
B) Increase interdependence between groups.
C) Increase equal contact between members of different social groups.
D) Increase competition for scarce resources.

Question 52

Education seems to be an effective way to combat stereotyping and prejudice under what condition?

A) When the targets are intelligent
B) When the targets are young
C) When the targets actually participate in the educational exercise
D) When the targets are shown educational videos on prejudice

Question 53

Increasing contact between groups of people will be more likely to reduce prejudice and discrimination under which of the following circumstances?

A) When the groups are of unequal status but have similar goals
B) When the groups are working towards the same goal with limited resources
C) When the groups are placed in a situation designed to foster friendships
D) When the groups have been at odds for a long period of time but have similar goals

Question 54

Based on minimal ingroup paradigm,you would expect members of randomly assigned groups to:

A) favor their own group members over different group members.
B) feel neutral toward one another given that groups were randomly assigned.
C) dislike their own group members.
D) it depends on the circumstances.

Question 55

If Julie is in a happy mood,you would predict that she would be:

A) less likely to stereotype.
B) more likely to stereotype.
C) more likely to favor the outgroup.
D) more likely to favor the outgroup and less likely to stereotype.

Question 56

Relative deprivation tends to __________ prejudice.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) not affect
D) increase then decrease

Question 57

Based on research presented in your textbook,which of the following people would you predict would be LEAST likely to exhibit racial bias?

A) very young children
B) black children
C) children with Williams syndrome
D) the elderly

Question 58

Steele and Aronson (1995)conducted a study examining black and white college students' performance on a difficult GRE test.They found that:

A) blacks performed better than whites when they were told the test was diagnostic of their ability.
B) blacks performed worse than whites when they were told the test was diagnostic of their ability.
C) blacks and whites performed equally well.
D) blacks performed better than whites when they were told the test was very easy.

Question 59

In one study,researchers showed men and women stereotypical and counter-stereotypical commercials before having them take a hard math test.Researchers found that:

A) only women who were bad at math did worse than men.
B) women scored worse than men when exposed to both the stereotypical and counter-stereotypical commercials.
C) men and women performed equally regardless of the type of commercial shown.
D) women performed worse than men when exposed to stereotypical commercials and equally well when exposed to counter-stereotypical commercials.

Question 60

__________ refers to the belief that increased communication and contact between different racial groups reduces levels of prejudice and discrimination.

A) The contact hypothesis
B) Just-world hypothesis
C) The communication hypothesis
D) Jigsaw classroom hypothesis

Question 61

Gender stereotypes appear to form much later in life.

Question 62

One consequence of social categorization is the natural tendency for people to then favor the ingroup over the outgroup.

Question 63

John is exhibiting modern racism when he claims he supports women's rights but does not support a policy that would allow women to take more time off when they have a child.

Question 64

Research has shown that people can reduce their prejudiced responses when:

A) they have a high IQ.
B) they are motivated to do so.
C) they are under time constraints.
D) they are less self-aware.

Question 65

Personal motivation to avoid stereotyping and prejudice has no impact on one's ability to reduce prejudiced responses.

Question 66

Different areas of the brain become more active when recognizing someone of the same race versus someone of a different race.

Question 67

You view people from your rival high school as a bunch of 'snobby rich kids' who are all 'lazy and unmotivated.'In contrast,you view people from your high school as a diverse group of individuals with different levels of wealth and motivation to achieve their goals.This example describes which concept? Provide a possible reason why this phenomenon occurs.

Question 68

When an individual feels frustrated that he has access to less resources than his neighbor,this illustrates the idea of relative deprivation.

Question 69

The contact hypothesis argues that increased communication and equal contact between different racial groups will reduce levels of prejudice and discrimination.

Question 70

Describe how gender prejudice and gender stereotypes are related.Be sure to define each concept in your answer.

Question 71

Compare and contrast old-fashioned sexism and modern sexism.

Question 72

People may identify with a group based on very superficial similarities.

Question 73

Research suggests that people with low self-esteem favor their ingroup more than people with high self-esteem.

Question 74

Prejudice refers to attitudes while discrimination refers to behaviors.

Question 75

Define modern racism and provide an example.

Question 76

Suppose there is a shortage of jobs in the US.At the same time,there seems to be an increase in prejudice and discrimination against immigrant workers and illegal aliens by US citizens.Using realistic group conflict theory,explain why this has occurred.Be sure to define realistic group conflict theory in your answer.

Question 77

The notion that people who lose their jobs are simply lazy and unmotivated is an example of a just-world belief.

Question 78

Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination.

Question 79

To be effective,techniques designed to combat stereotypes and reduce prejudice and discrimination often require:

A) making individuals happy.
B) increasing automatic processing.
C) increasing controlled processing.
D) decreasing reasoned action.

Question 80

The belief that 'all men are emotionally unavailable' is an example of the ultimate attribution error.