Deck 25: Coexistence, Confrontation, and the New Global Economy

Question 1

The development of the intercontinental ballistic missile in 1958 ushered in a new kind of arms race between the United States and the U.S.S.R., based on

A) massive retaliation.
B) mutual deterrence.
C) the triad of defense.
D) the Eisenhower Doctrine.

Answer 1

mutual deterrence.

Question 2

Evidence during the 1950s that the Soviet Union might be ahead of the United States in the arms race _{was the}

A) Soviet development of the first nuclear submarine.
B) Soviet launching of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite in outer space.
C) Soviet development of missiles with multiple nuclear warheads.
D) Soviet development of a nuclear-powered tank.

Answer 2

Soviet launching of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite in outer space.

Question 3

All of the following were evidence of increased Cold War tension during the Kennedy presidency

A) CIA-trained Cuban refugees invaded Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Castro.
B) the Soviets constructed the Berlin Wall.
C) the Soviets supplied arms to Communist guerrillas in Turkey.
D) the Soviets and the U.S. confronted each other over the Soviet military presence in Cuba.

Answer 3

the Soviets supplied arms to Communist guerrillas in Turkey.

Question 4

The most dangerous western-Soviet confrontation of the Cold War occurred over

A) the Berlin Wall.
B) the Berlin Airlift.
C) Soviet missiles in Cuba.
D) American missile bases in Turkey.

Question 5

President Johnson's reason for expanding American involvement in the Vietnam war included all of the following, except

A) Communism must be contained in Southeast Asia or it might spread to Hawaii or other areas vital to the U.S.
B) failure to stop Communism would only repeat the appeasement policies of the 1930s.
C) Johnson was unwilling to preside over the first war lost by the U.S.
D) Johnson learned that the Soviets had large numbers of troops in North Vietnam.

Question 6

At the time, critics of U.S. support for the anti-communist struggle in South Vietnam pointed out

A) the U.S. did not have the capability to police the entire world against Communist aggression.
B) it was doubtful that the South Vietnamese regime would become stable and democratic.
C) a communist victory in Vietnam would not necessarily strengthen the Soviets and China, since the . Vietnamese had a long record of independence and many differences with China.
D) all of the choices are correct.

Question 7

President Nixon's plan for peace in Vietnam included

A) shifting responsibility for security to South Vietnam.
B) unilateral withdrawal of military forces.
C) invading Laos and North Vietnam.
D) both A and B

Question 8

The Brezhnev Doctrine proclaimed

A) the Soviet right to intervene in any eastern European country facing internal or external threats to socialism.
B) the right of eastern European countries to suppress Soviet reforms.
C) the Soviet right to implement reforms in eastern Europe.
D) the right of eastern European countries to directly confront the Soviets.

Question 9

The Nixon-Kissinger policy of détente was based on

A) the idea that national self-interest counted more than ideology.
B) a bipolar world was necessary for world peace.
C) China was more important to U.S. vital interests than Russia.
D) appeasement of the Soviets would lead to concessions on their part.

Question 10

The Helsinki Conference and Accords were the high point of détente in the 1970s. The Accords

A) ratified the European territorial boundaries set up after World War II.
B) established committees for the surveillance of human rights.
C) called for the dismantling of the Berlin Wall in ten years time.
D) A and B

Question 11

In opposition to Keynesianism, Reagan and other conservative leaders championed "supply" side economics, meaning

A) individual Americans must be supplied with as much money as possible through tax cuts so that they would consume more.
B) in order to stimulate economic growth, one must stimulate production, the "supply" side of the . market, rather than consumption, the "demand" side.
C) that the labor supply is the crucial element in economic growth; minimum wage standards must be lowered to insure higher employment.
D) all of the choices are correct.

Question 12

During the 1980s, Socialist and Social Democratic parties in Europe

A) reverted to the politics of class struggle.
B) became, like conservatives, concerned with building strong market economies.
C) were everywhere relegated to the role of opposition parties.
D) tried to build up the welfare state.

Question 13

Mitterand

A) embraced the policies of privatization and deregulation pursued by Thatcher and Reagan.
B) implemented Marxist policies based on centralized economies.
C) remained faithful to the ideas of Keynesian economics.
D) A and C

Question 14

The United States experienced many economic problems in the 1980s and 1990s, including all the

A) for the first time since 1914, the U.S. became a debtor nation.
B) the national debt soared from $1 trillion in 1981 to $4 trillion in the 1990s.
C) Americans saved more than they consumed.
D) shortcomings in American education became evident.

Question 15

President Jimmy Carter's response to the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan included all of the following except

A) withdrawal of the strategic arms treaty that the Senate was about to approve.
B) arms for the Muslim rebels.
C) the embargo of grain and technology sales to the Soviets.
D) the successful forging of a united front with Europe.

Question 16

In late 1978, Deng Xiaoping, leader of China,

A) reimposed Maoist orthodoxy on the Chinese Communist party.
B) encouraged private enterprise and a competitive marketplace.
C) emphasized heavy industry.
D) denied farmers access to the open market.

Question 17

Deng described his economic policy as

A) a marriage between a planned and a market economy.
B) perfected socialism.
C) new-style market economics.
D) supply-side economics.

Question 18

As a result of Deng's reforms in China, all of the following occurred except

A) food production doubled.
B) the gross domestic product grew at an average of nine percent annually in the 1980s, leading som . to rank China third globally in total economic output.
C) state-owned industries became the most dynamic part of the new economy.
D) big cities took on some aspects of consumer society.

Question 19

The Chinese "democracy movement" of 1989 emerged for all of the following reasons except

A) Deng encouraged students to study western ways.
B) the freer atmosphere under Deng and the political liberalization taking place simultaneously in other parts of the world.
C) the shortcomings of Deng's economic reforms.
D) the encouragement of President Reagan and the threat of trade sanctions if the Chinese did not liberalize their political system.

Question 20

The Chinese government responded to the Tiananmen Square demonstrations by

A) reforming the Chinese Communist party.
B) massacring and repressing the participants.
C) negotiating with the demonstrators.
D) removing Deng from office.

Question 21

The Chinese population control program

A) was ultimately effective in curbing the birth rate.
B) operated sometimes through coercion.
C) has recently become difficult to enforce.
D) all of the choices are correct.

Question 22

Between the mid-1950s and the mid-1970s, the United States and the Soviets oscillated between dangerous confrontation and a marked lessening of tensions, or détente. Explain the background leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and the reasons for the subsequent lessening of tensions.

Question 23

Why did détente give way to a new phase of the Cold War at the end of the 1970s and during the 1980s?

Question 24

How did the United States become involved in Vietnam? What were the outcomes of U.S. involvement?

Question 25

Trace the history of the nuclear arms race over the course of the twentieth century do you find most persuasive?

Question 26

Explain the reasons for the end of a quarter century of western prosperity in 1974. Why did Keynesian economics, which had apparently been so effective during the boom years, no longer provide guidelines during the years of "stagflation"?

Question 27

During the 1980s, Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher rejected the welfare state and sought to transform their economies and societies with new policies. What were these policies? What were their benefits and drawbacks?

Question 28

How did Deng Xiaoping seek to transform China's society and economy? What was the relationship between his reforms and the Democracy Movement? What was the outcome of the latter?

Question 29

Deng believed that China, for all its economic advances, was unprepared for democracy. He though that it would only breed chaos and confusion, as it had during the Cultural Revolution, and that it would also interfere with the order and stability needed for economic growth and modernization. Do you agree or disagree with Deng's position? Why or why not?

Question 30

Why did a new kind of arms race emerge between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the late 1950s?

Question 31

What were the arguments made by critics of U.S. involvement in Vietnam?

Question 32

What were the Nixon-Kissinger policies? How did they change relations between the U.S. and communist countries?

Question 33

What were the causes for continued concern about the U.S. economy in the 1980s?

Question 34

What obstacles did Europeans face in attempting political and economic union?

Question 35

Describe what happened at Tiananmen Square in 1989. How did Deng and the Chinese Communist party explain the events?

Question 36

How had the world changed since the Second World War? Identify and discuss the regions that had experienced the most change in the postwar period.

Question 37

How did the changes that occurred in the world in the postwar period set the stage for the Cold War?

Question 38

How was France's colonial empire in Indochina divided once they withdrew from the region?

Question 39

How did Eisenhower imagine that communism would spread through Southeast Asia? Was he proved correct?