Deck 5: Infancy: Cognitive and Language Development

Question 1

The process of knowing that encompasses sensation, perception, imagery, retention, memory, recall, problem solving, reasoning, and thinking is called:

A) information processing
B) cognition
C) cogitation
D) communication

Answer 1

cognition

Question 2

Which of the following statements is NOT true about learning?

A) there must be some change in behavior
B) the change in behavior must be relatively stable
C) the change in behavior must be observable
D) the change must result from experience

Answer 2

the change in behavior must be observable

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about learning?

A) There is no evidence that a fetus can learn in the womb
B) Infants begin to learn when they reach the age of 8 months
C) Fetal learning can be found in newborns' sucking patterns
D) Newborns show no indication of the ability to learn

Answer 3

Fetal learning can be found in newborns' sucking patterns

Question 4

Research conducted with pregnant women who read a storybook to the fetus during the last 6 weeks of gestation revealed that:

A) reading made no difference in the infants' later learning
B) learning seems to take place even before birth
C) infants in the womb cannot hear
D) the women who participated in the study found it to be futile

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Parents with less education tend to limit their children's television viewing time.
B) A national survey found that about 20% of American children under age 2 have a television in their bedrooms.
C) The type of programming children watch has no influence on expressive language and vocabulary.
D) A study found that it is possible for a child to learn language vocabulary and grammar more efficiently and effectively from television alone.

Question 6

The Swiss developmental psychologist who contributed a great deal to our understanding of how children think, reason, and solve problems is:

A) Michel Foucault
B) Konrad Lorenz
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Jean Piaget

Question 7

The coordination of motor activities with sensory inputs is the major task of which of Piaget's stages of development?

A) locomotion
B) object control
C) sensorimotor
D) mobility sensation

Question 8

Baby Hilary is 2 months old and her cousin Baby Marcus is 10 months old. Their uncle plays "hide the ball under the blanket" with Hilary and Marcus. Marcus tries to look for the ball under the blanket but Hilary does not. This is because Marcus has learned:

A) object permanence
B) searching techniques
C) perception stability
D) visual acuity

Question 9

In which stage of development does a child learn object permanence?

A) perceptive sensation
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) sensorimotor

Question 10

The closed system that involves the pumping (inflow and outflow) of cerebrospinal fluid within the membranes around the brain and spinal cord is the:

A) craniosacral system
B) cerebrospinal system
C) membrane system
D) lymphatic system

Question 11

Craniosacral massage therapy used on newborns within a few days after delivery is meant to:

A) condition infants for physical development
B) improve sensorimotor development
C) improve cognition
D) stimulate brain growth

Question 12

Research has shown that when depressed mothers have difficulty caring for, nurturing, and stimulating their infants, the effect on the infants is that they will be:

A) withdrawn
B) unresponsive
C) inattentive
D) all of these

Question 13

In contrast with Piaget's theories is the view that "the foundations of any subject may be taught to anybody at any age in some form." This idea is attributed to:

A) Jerome Kagan
B) Jerome Bruner
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 14

According to Bruner, when children represent the world through their motor acts it is called:

A) ikonic
B) symbolic
C) enactive
D) play

Question 15

According to Bruner, when children represent the world through a picture or image it is called:

A) ikonic
B) symbolic
C) enactive
D) play

Question 16

According to Bruner, when children represent the world through language it is called:

A) ikonic
B) symbolic
C) enactive
D) play

Question 17

Ms. Miller has asked her kindergarten class to draw a picture to represent a class trip that they had taken. Ms. Miller knows that according to Bruner's modes of representation, most kindergarten children are able to use:

A) ikonic representation
B) symbolic representation
C) enactive representation
D) pictographic representation

Question 18

Decrement of attention refers to:

A) regaining interest when something new happens
B) losing interest in watching something unchanging
C) a description of a type of negligent parenting behavior
D) a particular stage of cognitive development in some theories

Question 19

Recovery of attention refers to:

A) regaining interest when something new happens
B) losing interest in watching something unchanging
C) a compensatory parenting behavior
D) a stage of cognitive development

Question 20

Millie is watching television with her parents. They watch her favorite cartoon. When the evening news comes on she looks away and amuses herself with a doll. One of the news stories shows a clip of an upcoming animated children's movie. Millie looks up from her play and watches the movie clip. When Millie watches the clip it is an example of:

A) decrement of attention
B) recovery of attention
C) instant recall
D) reclaiming interest

Question 21

A structured system of sound patterns (words and sentences) that have socially standardized meanings is termed:

A) phonemic awareness
B) morphemes
C) language
D) symbolic interaction

Question 22

The process by which people transmit information, ideas, attitudes, and emotions to one another is called:

A) communication
B) telepathy
C) language
D) expressive totality

Question 23

Proponents of the view that thought shapes language believe that:

A) thought occurs with or without language
B) language shapes thought
C) thought cannot happen without language
D) language exists without thought

Question 24

Proponents of the view that language shapes thought believe that:

A) language develops with or before thought
B) thought and language are independent
C) thought takes place whether or not there is language
D) language is irrelevant to thought

Question 25

Grouping perceptions into categories on the basis of certain similarities is called:

A) organization
B) mental mapping
C) conceptualization
D) perceptualization

Question 26

The belief that humans are "prewired" by their brain circuitry for language use corresponds to which theory of language acquisition?

A) nativist
B) genetic
C) environmental
D) linguistic

Question 27

The idea that human beings posses an inborn language-generating mechanism, which is called a language acquisition device (LAD), is attributed to:

A) Jay Belsky
B) Noam Chomsky
C) Lev Vygotsky
D) Jerome Bruner

Question 28

According to Chomsky, the world's languages differ in the words they use or __________ structure, but are similar in their basic composition or ___________ structure.

A) surface; deep
B) deep; surface
C) semantic; semiotic
D) grammatical; vocabulary

Question 29

__________ is a neurological disorder that appears in "normal" children around age 2 who regress and show marked deficits in communication and social interaction, language impairment, preoccupation with fantasy, and unusual repetitive or excessive behaviors.

A) Dyslexia
B) ADHD
C) Couvade syndrome
D) Autism

Question 30

Caregiver speech differs from everyday speech in all the following ways EXCEPT:

A) the use of simplified vocabulary
B) the use of higher speaking pitch
C) fewer questions and imperatives
D) using an exaggerated intonation

Question 31

While her mother is holding her, baby Dianna smiles and coos. Her mother responds by saying in a high-pitched voice, "Hey little smiley. Are you happy? Are you happy? That's my good girl." This is an example of:

A) caregiver speech
B) baby talk
C) response speech
D) parental utterances

Question 32

At 13 months Jose has just begun walking. His father motions toward a ball and says to him, "Go get the blue ball. Yes, the blue ball. See it? Go get the blue ball." This is an example of:

A) parental utterances
B) parentese
C) imperative speech
D) response speech

Question 33

Natasha walks in the door and exclaims to Bert, "I just won the lottery!" Bert looks up and raises his eyebrows. Bert is responding with:

A) a communication disorder
B) kinesics
C) paralanguage
D) verbal cues

Question 34

Body language:

A) is verbal language expressing body sensations
B) is not a real form of communication
C) uses physical movements and gestures
D) is incomprehensible to most people

Question 35

The stress, pitch, and volume of vocalizations by which we communicate expressive meaning are called:

A) prelanguage
B) linguistic competence
C) communicative competence
D) paralanguage

Question 36

The quality of receiving or taking in messages is termed:

A) qualitative language
B) language reception
C) telegraphic speech
D) message receptivity

Question 37

Kaitlin's mother asks her what she would like to eat for dinner. Kaitlin responds, "Fis." Her mother queries, "Fis?" "No," Kaitlin responds, "fis." Suddenly realizing what her daughter meant, Kaitlin's mother responds, "Oh, fish!" Kaitlin, exasperated, says, "Yeah, fis." This exchange exemplifies that:

A) many young children's receptive capacities for language outdistance their productive capabilities.
B) many young children's productive capabilities outdistance their receptive capacities for language.
C) most young children are equally adept at receptive and productive capabilities for language.
D) most young children have difficulty with both receptive and productive capabilities for language.

Question 38

Meisha is 6 months old. She has begun making the following utterance: "ma ma ma ma." This is an example of:

A) baby talk
B) babbling
C) cooing
D) nonsense speech

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true about deaf infants based on recent research?

A) Deaf infants generally do not go through the cooing and babbling phase that hearing infants go through.
B) Deaf infants generally do not have the same tendencies as hearing infants have to communicate in language-like ways.
C) Hand gestures made by deaf infants with deaf parents seem to have the same function as the babble noises of hearing babies.
D) Deaf infants do not pass through the same stages at the same times that are observed in the vocal babbling of hearing children.

Question 40

Although 8-month-old Ronnie does not yet speak, his mother asks him, "Where is Mommy's nose?" Ronnie responds by pointing to her nose, indicating that he understood her question. This shows that:

A) Ronnie has developed receptive vocabulary.
B) Ronnie has developed expressive vocabulary.
C) Ronnie pointed to Mommy's nose by chance.
D) Ronnie is using what are called holophrases.

Question 41

When a young child uses her own words to effectively convey meaning, feeling, or mood, she is using:

A) receptive vocabulary
B) expressive vocabulary
C) holophrases
D) overextension

Question 42

Baby Miriam says "bo bo" when she wants her bottle. She also says "bo bo" when she sees a bird or wants to play with a ball. Miriam is using ___________ to convey her wants.

A) a holophrase
B) a repetitive sequence
C) a mnemonic device
D) telegraphic speech

Question 43

The average child at 13 months of age can understand about ___________ words.

A) 100
B) 15
C) 50
D) 250

Question 44

Petra is 18 months old. When she sees her father's watch she exclaims, "Tick tock." She also says "tick tock" when she sees the wall clock, the egg timer, and the dials on the car's dashboard. Petra's use of "tick tock" is an example of:

A) a holophrase
B) overextension
C) telegraphic speech
D) expressive vocabulary

Question 45

Maggie uses phrases such as, "Allgone macaroni," "More book," and "No bed." Based on this information, you would guess Maggie's age to be:

A) 3 to 5 months
B) 7 to 9 months
C) 10 to 12 months
D) 18 to 22 months

Question 46

The use of short, precise words in two- or three-word combinations that demonstrate a rudimentary understanding of grammar is known as:

A) holophrastic speech
B) overextension
C) telegraphic speech
D) expressive vocabulary

Question 47

Which of the following statements is/are true about second-language learning?

A) Proficiency in a second language is related to the age at which exposure to the language begins.
B)Evidence suggests that second language acquisition goes through a gradual decline in childhood rather than a sudden discontinuity at puberty.
C) Learning a second language early in life leads to greater proficiency in adulthood.
D) All of these are true.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding language development?

A) Children vary in the timing of their expressive language capabilities.
B) Some children with delayed speech have hearing impairments.
C) Children who have language delays or whose speech cannot be understood are at risk for later social isolation.
D) Later-born children with siblings usually develop language skills faster than firstborn children.

Question 49

Children with language delays:

A) are at risk for social isolation
B) will have no long-term effects
C) will have difficulty reading
D) are at risk for mental illness

Question 50

Define learning in terms of the three criteria that psychologists have used.

Question 51

Describe a child's development during infancy according to Piaget's theory.

Question 52

Explain the connection between language and thought in terms of the two opposing theories on this issue.

Question 53

What is paralanguage and what purpose does it serve?