Deck 6: Sensation, Perception, and Motor Development

Question 1

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Accretion and deletion

Answer 1

The apparent appearance and disappearance of elements of a visual stimulus, such as its texture or pattern.

Question 2

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Amodal properties

Answer 2

Properties of events that are not specific to a particular sensory modality, such as the synchrony of a sight and its accompanying sound.

Question 3

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Auditory localization

Answer 3

The ability to detect the location of sound sources.

Question 4

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Bayley Scales of Infant Development- Second Edition (BSID-II) (181)

Question 5

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Auditory localization

Question 6

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Bayley Scales of Infant Development- Second Edition (BSID-II) (181)

Question 7

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Binocular disparity

Question 8

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Binocular vision

Question 9

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Cones

Question 10

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Contrast sensitivity

Question 11

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Cross-modal perception

Question 12

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Depth perception

Question 13

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Ecological theory of perception

Question 14

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Fine motor skills

Question 15

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Forced-choice preferential looking

Question 16

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Fovea

Question 17

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Gross motor skills

Question 18

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Haptic information

Question 19

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Intermodal perception

Question 20

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Intersensory redundancy hypothesis

Question 21

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Kinematic depth cues

Question 22

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Kinesthetic sense

Question 23

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Optical expansion and contraction

Question 24

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Pictorial depth cues

Question 25

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Proprioceptive sense

Question 26

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Stereoscopic depth information

Question 27

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Vestibular sense

Question 28

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Visual acuity

Question 29

What is the definition of the following terms?
-Visual cortex

Question 30

All of the following descriptions of newborn infants' sensory and perceptual abilities are correct except

A) they prefer looking at patterns with high contrast
B) they perceive the full range of colors that older children and adults perceive
C) their visual acuity is limited to about 20/400
D) their visual acuity is approximately 20/20 by the age of 8 months

Question 31

According to the _____ theoretical view, the visual system perceives meaningful information directly, without any intermediate steps to interpret it.

A) ecological
B) gestalt
C) empiricist
D) dynamic systems

Question 32

The smallest spacing that can be perceived between parts of a pattern is known as

A) cone vision
B) visual acuity
C) peripheral vision
D) saccadic perception

Question 33

Newborn infants initially have poor vision for all of the following reasons except

A) the distance from the front of the eye to the retina limits the size and clarity of the retinal image
B) the visual cortex is immature at birth
C) in order to follow a moving object, they are only able to make a series of short, jerky eye movements
D) cones do not develop until about 4 months of age

Question 34

Recent studies of infants' perception of objects suggest that they are able to use all of the following sources of information except

A) accretion and deletion of adjacent patterns and textures
B) movement of objects
C) self-movement
D) still photos of objects taken from a single perspective

Question 35

The depth cue that infants are able to use at the earliest age is _____ information.

A) kinematic
B) stereoscopic
C) pictorial
D) foveal

Question 36

Auditory localization, the ability to detect the source of sounds,

A) improves steadily from birth to the age of about 6 months
B) cannot be tested in infants younger than 3 months
C) functions from birth for the human voice but not for other sounds until the age of about 6 months
D) appears to undergo a U-shaped developmental change from birth to about 6 months of age

Question 37

Which infant sensory ability has been studied the least?

A) vision
B) hearing
C) touch
D) taste

Question 38

Which of the following odors are newborn infants least likely to prefer?

A) vanilla
B) fish
C) lavender
D) rosemary

Question 39

Odors that infants find pleasant and familiar

A) have a soothing effect on their behavioral states
B) are unaffected by their early olfactory experiences
C) arouse them and move them into an alert/agitated state
D) appear to have little biological relevance or survival value

Question 40

Which of the following would be the best way to test infants' ability to perceive amodal properties of events?

A) using a split screen to show two different visual images at the same time
B) presenting two different soundtracks simultaneously, accompanied by a single visual display
C) showing a video image of splashing water, accompanied by a soundtrack of an ocean
D) displaying two different visual images that are accompanied by a soundtrack matching one of the images

Question 41

Hannah, a newborn infant, is coming home from the hospital for the first time. Her parents want her nursery to provide optimal visual stimulation. Research would support including all of the following features except

A) pastel colors, especially light yellow and light green
B) moving objects, such as mobiles
C) patterns featuring areas of high contrast, such as red and white or black and white
D) patterns that resemble faces

Question 42

When 1-year-old Beatrice tried a small piece of garlic bread, her reaction showed that she liked the taste and wanted to eat more of it - which she did. This reaction may reflect the fact that

A) taste buds do not complete their development until about 2 years of age
B) she has an impaired sense of taste
C) her sense of smell is not fully functioning
D) her mother breast fed Beatrice and ate a lot of foods seasoned with garlic

Question 43

If infants look longer at a video display that shows another infant's legs moving than at a video display that shows their own legs moving, researchers studying intermodal perception have concluded that

A) infants younger than 8 months are unable to integrate visual and proprioceptive information
B) infants younger than 8 months do not notice that the movements of the other infant's legs do not match their own legs' movements
C) infants younger than 8 months are sensitive to the absence of a contingency between the feeling of their own legs' movements and the image of the other infant's legs moving
D) infants younger than 8 months are capable of cross-modal perception but not intermodal perception

Question 44

In one ingenious study of _____ perception, researchers first gave 1-month-old infants a bumpy pacifier to feel in their mouth and only later allowed them to look at that pacifier - after they had placed it next to a smooth pacifier that they had not explored orally.

A) cross-modal
B) intermodal
C) amodal
D) bimodal

Question 45

One-month-old Carlos sometimes flings his arms and legs out quickly when he is placed onto the mattress in his crib. This action stimulates his _____ sense.

A) haptic
B) vestibular
C) cross-modal
D) intermodal

Question 46

When infants grasp objects between finger and thumb, they are demonstrating

A) gross motor skills
B) fine motor skills
C) postural compensation
D) prereaching

Question 47

The factor that appears to be most strongly related to infants' and toddlers' ability to judge and adjust their own physical abilities in novel settings is

A) their cumulative locomotor experience
B) their age
C) the variety of surfaces and levels in their home
D) the amount of "tummy time" that they had before they began to move on their own

Question 48

Infants whose parents help them practice specific locomotor skills, such as sitting upright on their own, tend to develop those specific skills

A) later than infants who were not given any assistance
B) earlier than infants who did not receive any assistance
C) at the same time as infants without practice or assistance
D) and other locomotor skills, such as pulling themselves to a standing position, earlier than infants who are not given additional experience with any of those skills

Question 49

The normal range for infants to take their first independent steps is between

A) 9 to 17 months
B) 12 to 24 months
C) 6 to 12 months
D) 24 to 36 months

Question 50

Handedness - a consistent preference for using one hand or the other in activities such as self-feeding - typically is evident by the age of

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 36 months

Question 51

When infants and toddlers achieve control over balance and posture that enables them perform actions such as sitting upright, crawling, and taking their first independent steps, they are using _____ motor skills.

A) fine
B) gross
C) local
D) distal

Question 52

Which order for the development of gross motor skills is the most typical one?

A) rolling over, achieving head control, independent sitting, independent walking
B) rolling over, independent sitting, independent walking, achieving head control
C) independent sitting, crawling, rolling over, independent walking
D) achieving head control, rolling over, independent sitting, independent walking

Question 53

In which order do the following fine motor skills usually develop?

A) prereaching, smooth reaching, adjusting hands to grasp objects without visual feedback, drawing with objects such as crayons and markers
B) adjusting hands to grasp objects without visual feedback, prereaching, smooth reaching, drawing with objects such as crayons and markers
C) prereaching, smooth reaching, drawing with objects such as crayons and markers, adjusting hands to grasp objects without visual feedback,
D) smooth reaching, prereaching, drawing with objects such as crayons and markers, adjusting hands to grasp objects without visual feedback

Question 54

Motor milestones are usually included in infant assessments of development

A) but are not part of the Bayley Scales
B) because they typically appear in a predictable order in normally developing infants
C) because cognitive abilities cannot be assessed before the age of 12 months
D) but focus on fine motor skills rather than gross motor skills

Question 55

All of the following statements about infants' motor development are accurate except

A) infants are able to use visual information to adjust their posture
B) the perception system has been shown to be functionally separate from the action (motor) system
C) infants learning to walk on their own fall down frequently because their gait tends to be inconsistent
D) most children can run by the time they are 2 years old

Question 56

In the United States and most developed countries, infants

A) are carried in their parents' arms most of the time they are awake
B) spend their days strapped onto their mother's back
C) are moved about in containers with wheels, such as strollers
D) receive less time to crawl and explore in a safe environment than infants in developing countries

Question 57

If Daisy is developing typically, she will be most likely be able to run by the age of about

A) 9 to 15 months
B) 12 to 18 months
C) 24 to 36 months
D) 36 to 48 months

Question 58

Megan's parents hoped that she would learn to walk at an early age, so they gave her lots of time in an infant walker. According to studies of locomotor development, the most likely result will be that Megan will

A) be an early walker
B) learn to walk later than infants who spend little or no time in an infant walker
C) develop a range of gross motor skills at an early age
D) not be affected by the time she spent in the walker

Question 59

Anthony's childcare center follows the recommendations of the National Association for Sport and Physical Education for infants and toddlers. This is evident in

A) the presence of structured physical activities ("baby yoga") for even the youngest infants
B) the absence of any structured physical activities for children younger than 3 years of age
C) a mixture of structured physical activities and free play once children reach toddler age
D) long periods (2 to 3 hours) of restful inactivity - different from nap time -- that are built into the daily schedule