Deck 11: Stress, Health, and Illness: Theory

Question 1

According to Morrison and Bennett, what are some of the limitations of the 'life events approach' to stress and illness?

A) Retrospective research, age-inappropriate items, assumption that people will equally rank the stress of each event
B) Prospective research, age-inappropriate items and no allowance for stressors being counteracted
C) Prospective research, age-inappropriate items and consideration of some life events not being stressful
D) Retrospective research, age-inappropriate items, poor recall of stressors

Answer 1

Retrospective research, age-inappropriate items, assumption that people will equally rank the stress of each event

Question 2

Stress as a response cannot be measured using physical and physiological indices, such as

A) Blood pressure
B) galvanic skin response
C) salivary secretory immunoglobulins
D) subjectively looking at a patient

Answer 2

subjectively looking at a patient

Question 3

Kanner (1981) found that gender played a role in psychological symptoms following 'hassles' and 'uplifts'. Which one of the following is correct?

A) Women experience psychological symptoms after hassles only.
B) Men experience psychological symptoms after hassles only.
C) Women experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts.
D) Men experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts.

Answer 3

Women experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts.

Question 4

In Lazarus' (1984) early transactional model of stress, what follows primary appraisal?

A) Assessment of one's coping potential
B) An emotional response
C) A behavioural response
D) A coping effort

Question 5

According to Hobfoll (1991), the quantification of resources and their depletion fits in with evidence regarding _______, which is not associated with illness independent of the individual's appraisals

A) economic deprivation
B) unemployment
C) poverty
D) self-efficacy

Question 6

According to Lazarus, which appraisal types are the emotions of sadness and depression associated with?

A) challenge
B) threat
C) Loss/harm
D) acceptance

Question 7

According to Karasek, which environmental factors are key to occupational stress?

A) Ambiguity and control
B) Control and demand
C) Demand and predictability
D) Control and ambiguity

Question 8

What was McVicar's conclusion about the best approach to treating occupational stress?

A) Provide individual stress management classes
B) Provide group stress management classes, but only to the high stress individuals
C) Employers address personal coping strategies and environmental factors
D) Employers focus on changing environmental causes of stress

Question 9

According to Lazarus appraisal processes, "Maybe I can manage this if I revise really hard" is an example of:

A) Challenge + external resources = less stress.
B) Challenge + possible internal resources = less stress
C) Threat + no resources = stress.
D) Threat + limited internal resources = stress.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a coping appraisal identified by Smith and Lazarus

A) Problem-focused coping potential
B) Emotion-focused coping potential
C) Self-efficacy judgments
D) Two and three only

Question 11

Smith (1993) proposed that primary appraisal consists of consideration of

A) The extent to which the situation is relevant and incongruent to one's goals
B) The extent to which the event is considered to stretch one's coping ability
C) The extent to which the event is considered potentially harmful
D) The degree of threat to one's sense of self-esteem

Question 12

Benight et al. 1999 study highlighted that although quantifiable resource loss is in itself distressing, another factor should also be considered in the conservation of resources model. Which of the following is the other factor?

A) Psychological well-being
B) Physiological responses
C) Coping self-efficacy
D) Mood

Question 13

"Burn-out" is similar to the final stage of which syndrome?

A) General adaptation
B) Conservation of resources
C) Person-environment fit
D) Chronic fatigue

Question 14

Which theory considers stress to be a combined physiological and psychological response to demands?

A) Transactional Model of Stress
B) Life Events Theory
C) Environmental Stress Theory
D) Conservation of Resources Model

Question 15

What impact does cortisol not have when released into the body?

A) Inhibits glucose and fat uptake by tissue cells
B) Inhibits the action of phagocytes
C) Inhibits inflammation of damaged tissue
D) Inhibits blood flow

Question 16

Which type of cell slows down the growth of abnormal cells, including cancers?

A) B cells
B) T cells and B cells
C) Natural killer (NK) cells
D) T cells

Question 17

In what way/ways may stress contribute to coronary heart disease?

A) Via hypertension
B) Via the release of fatty acids into the blood stream
C) Via inflammatory processes involving pro-in?ammatory cytokines
D) Via decreasing fats in the blood

Question 18

What is generally considered to be the role of stress in the development of cancer?

A) It is not associated with any aspect of cancer
B) It appears to play a role in some cancers initial development and progression.
C) It has a role in the development of cancer, but not its progression
D) There is no clear link

Question 19

What is the role of stress in relation to irritable bowel syndrome?

A) It contributes to day to day symptoms
B) It causes the onset of the disorder
C) There is no relation between stress and irritable bowel syndrome
D) Both one and two