Deck 13: Culture Change and Globalization: What Have We Learned

Question 1

One of the best known unilineal evolutionists models with stages of savagery, barbarism and civilization was developed by:

A) George Foster.
B) Margaret Mead.
C) L.H. Morgan.
D) A.L. Kroeber.

Answer 1

L.H. Morgan.

Question 2

One major criticism of the unilineal evolutionists' models of cultural evolution is that the models:

A) were based on incorrect data.
B) were developed by colonial governments.
C) were developed to support missionary work.
D) were based on very little ethnographic data.

Answer 2

were based on very little ethnographic data.

Question 3

Cultural change became a focus in cultural anthropology in the 1940s because

A) radiocarbon dating had been developed to date prehistoric sites.
B) the science of genetics began to yield information about genetic change.
C) the end of World War II set the stage for growth and rebuilding.
D) all of the above

Answer 3

all of the above

Question 4

Programs of planned change often do not have the desired effect because of

A) failure to adequately supply technology.
B) failure to employ technical aid experts to assess the plan.
C) unethical practices on the part of anthropologists.
D) failure to understand the impact of cultural issues on change.

Question 5

On the issue of the anthropologist's role in planned change programs, the view of most professional applied anthropologists is that

A) as scientists they should stay neutral and not become involved.
B) as professionals they have a moral obligation to take the side of native peoples.
C) as professionals trained in the issues of change, they should work to educate all participants.
D) not all of them agree about what their role should be; some hold each of the above views.

Question 6

Interest by anthropologists in the process of culture change has its roots in what theoretical school?

A) unilineal evolution
B) historical particularism
C) functionalism
D) neoevolutionism

Question 7

Franz Boas was responsible for developing the approach that has come to be known as

A) historical particularism.
B) unilineal evolutionism.
C) functionalism.
D) diffusionism.

Question 8

Franz Boas insisted that anthropologists should do all of the following EXCEPT

A) gather data in the field using participant observation.
B) work in teams in order to be more thorough with research.
C) keep detailed accounts of particular cultural features
D) repeat ethnographies every few years.

Question 9

The three categories that George Foster outlined in his analysis of barriers to culture change were

A) cultural barriers, social barriers, and psychological barriers.
B) culture structure barriers, technological barriers, and fatalistic barriers.
C) technological barriers, economic barriers, and cultural barriers.
D) economic barriers, social barriers, and cultural barriers.

Question 10

Fatalism as a barrier to culture change can be seen in which of the following statements?

A) "I know that I should wear my protective gear when I rollerblade, but I like to feel free."
B) "I'd die of embarrassment if I ever had to wear one of those short hospital gowns."
C) "It is too bad that the flood destroyed our house, but that is the way nature works."
D) "We've always ridden our bikes without helmets, and it is the best way to ride."

Question 11

Relative values as a barrier to culture change, is illustrated in which of the following statements?

A) "I would never be caught dead wearing these shorts, they're too tight."
B) "I cannot believe someone would do that when this way is so much better."
C) "It's a shame that their house was flooded, but what do you expect when you live in a flood plain."
D) "I know I should wear my seat belt when I drive, but I like the freedom of movement."

Question 12

Which method for the study of culture change looks at a situation after the planned change program is implemented?

A) archaeological research
B) ethnographic restudy
C) analysis of historical records
D) impact study

Question 13

The borrowing that takes place between cultures as a result of prolonged contact is termed

A) acculturation.
B) enculturation.
C) invention.
D) hegemony.

Question 14

The approach to the study of culture change that consists of anthropologists talking to elder members of a culture and asking them to recount aspects of their lives.

A) participant observations
B) life histories
C) restudies
D) impact studies

Question 15

In the case of the hybrid corn, even though the corn was reported as superior, why did the farmers go back to the traditional seed? The

A) new seed failed to germinate.
B) harvest required more time investment.
C) farmers ran out of the new seed.
D) farmers' wives did not like the tortillas made from the new corn.

Question 16

The approach that examines the adaptations made by rural peoples as they move into cities is called

A) urbanization studies.
B) microeconomic studies.
C) urban poverty studies.
D) acculturation studies.

Question 17

The Bolivian program, in which a new variety of maize was introduced to improve people's diet, failed to help give the population better nutrition because the

A) variety of corn did not give high enough yields in the lowlands environment.
B) people discovered that it made excellent corn whiskey.
C) agricultural experts did not give proper planting information and seedlings died.
D) yields were so high that farmers sold the entire crop and used the money to buy packaged foods.

Question 18

Though their health is at risk, most North Americans fail to get regular exercise and improve their diets.Which of Foster's barriers to change applies to this situation?

A) norms of modesty
B) tradition
C) relative values
D) miscommunication

Question 19

Workers in the area of planned culture change have noted that the most important stimulant or motivator of change is

A) desire for economic gain.
B) appeals to nationalism.
C) competition.
D) cultural ethnocentrism.

Question 20

The major source of change for any culture is

A) innovation.
B) invention.
C) directed change programs.
D) diffusion.

Question 21

Anthropologists use all of the following to study culture change EXCEPT

A) the archaeological record.
B) the fossil record.
C) the historical record.
D) impact studies.

Question 22

The primary reason to look for possible barriers to change when considering the implementation of a change program is that by identifying barriers

A) you develop rapport with the group.
B) you shorten the time on the total project.
C) strategies can be developed to avoid them.
D) workers can change their attitude before starting.

Question 23

The new hybrid corn that was introduced by the USDA farm extension advisor was better than the Indian corn because it was

A) disease-resistant and yielded four times more bushels per acre.
B) drought-resistant and yielded twice the bushels per acre.
C) more nutritious than Indian corn, and it was disease-resistant.
D) drought-resistant.

Question 24

The barriers to culture change in the case of the introduction of hybrid corn to farmers in New Mexico were

A) poor communication and size of social groups.
B) fatalism and ethnocentrism.
C) tradition and relative values.
D) cultural ethnocentrism and fatalism.

Question 25

Based on prior experiences by the USDA, the farm extension advisor did what correctly in his efforts to have farmers adopt the new hybrid variety of corn?

A) He grew a demonstration plot of the new hybrid corn.
B) He brought in a supply of fertilizer at the time of planting.
C) He rented a farm and lived among the farmers.
D) He conducted free classes on the proper way to cultivate and plant.

Question 26

The reason farmers went back to growing the old Indian corn in New Mexico was that

A) men found the new hybrid hard to harvest.
B) men did not like the way the new hybrid required more water to grow.
C) women did not like the tortillas made from the new corn.
D) women did not like their husbands going to the city to sell the surplus corn.

Question 27

The Raikas' camel herds dwindled in the last fifty years from ten thousand animals to

A) one thousand.
B) two thousand.
C) three thousand.
D) four thousand.

Question 28

The primary barrier that kept the Raikas from selling camel meat and cheese from camel's milk was

A) fatalism.
B) small-group dynamics.
C) miscommunication.
D) traditional values.

Question 29

Just when the future of the Raikas seemed most bleak, the Raikas learned of the success of other camel herders with the sale of camel's milk.Traditional attitudes began to change regarding the sale of camel's milk.George Foster would attribute this culture change to the motivator of

A) intratribal competition.
B) desire for prestige.
C) religious motivation.
D) desire for economic gain.

Question 30

Susan Emley Keefe's work among urban Mexican-Americans and Anglo-Americans in southern California demonstrated that

A) there was a breakdown in family ties as members moved to the city.
B) the urban setting resulted in fewer family interactions.
C) in both groups people lost touch with rural relatives and relied more on friends.
D) in both groups extended family ties were important and were maintained.

Question 31

Comparative data from other cultures and non-human primate studies suggest that human children should be weaned between _____ and _____ years of age.

A) 1.5 and 2
B) 2 and 3
C) 2.5 and 4
D) 2.5 and 7

Question 32

When anthropologists study globalization the focus is most commonly on

A) individuals and cultural process.
B) individuals and political process.
C) nation-states and economic processes.
D) nation-states and social processes.

Question 33

The ideological domination by one cultural group over another through institutions, bureaucracy, education, and sometimes force, is termed

A) colonialism.
B) hegemony.
C) imperialism.
D) globalization.

Question 34

When Palma Ingles asked Amazonian villagers if they found the performance of native dances for tourists demeaning, they responded that

A) it was demeaning but they made money.
B) it was demeaning but they like to dance.
C) it allowed them to keep old traditions alive and they liked tourists buying their crafts.
D) they really didn't have a choice because it was the only way that they could make a living.

Question 35

Eric Michaels' study of the impact of video tapes on the Warlpiri of Australia shows that

A) technology may change during diffusion.
B) technology diffuses slowly.
C) values may not diffuse with technology.
D) values and technology diffuse with equal speed.

Question 36

This project, and the debate surrounding it in the 1960s, is considered the beginning of the modern era for anthropological ethics:

A) OSS National Character Study Project.
B) Thailand Counter Insurgency Project.
C) Project Camelot.
D) Project Iraqi Freedom.

Question 37

Project Camelot's research goal was to:

A) understand factors that contribute to unrest and revolution.
B) spy on the Argentine military.
C) plan how to bring about governmental change in Chile.
D) test American counter-insurgency operations.

Question 38

Daniel Gross found what negative outcome of widespread sisal production?

A) poorer wages for workers
B) high divorce rate among workers
C) small farmers lost their lands
D) malnutrition among workers and their children

Question 39

Describe two methods used by anthropologists to study culture change.

Question 40

Briefly discuss the various positions taken by anthropologists regarding "activism."

Question 41

List and cite an example of two of Foster's barriers to change.

Question 42

Explain how and why tradition can be a serious barrier to culture change.

Question 43

Describe how cultural ethnocentrism can be a barrier to culture change.

Question 44

What are urbanization studies?

Question 45

How was tradition a barrier to change in the case of the hybrid corn that was introduced to the community in New Mexico?

Question 46

What two things did the caseworker do correctly when he tried to introduce the new hybrid corn to the community in New Mexico?

Question 47

How was tradition a barrier to culture change for the Raikas?

Question 48

Describe one ethical dilemma that was encountered by Kathleen Adams while studying tourism in Indonesia.

Question 49

Briefly discuss one positive outcome of tourism for indigenous peoples in the Amazon.

Question 50

List and describe three common negative outcomes of development projects.

Question 51

Describe the ethical position of action anthropologists.

Question 52

How do cultures change? What methodologies are available for the anthropological study of change? What are the problems with each method?

Question 53

Identify and discuss two potential barriers to a plan for culture change that is aimed at the prohibition of the use of cellular phones and pagers on campus or while driving a vehicle.

Question 54

Anthropologists have analyzed the impact of tourism on indigenous cultures.Discuss two positive and two negative outcomes from that research.Cite specific examples.

Question 55

Discuss what the agricultural case worker did right and what he did wrong as he initiated his program to introduce hybrid corn to the community in New Mexico.

Question 56

Discuss how the anthropological concept of culture might have been helpful in understanding the Raikas' reluctance to sell their camels.

Question 57

Discuss the barriers to culture change that prevent American women from breastfeeding longer than four months.

Question 58

Discuss why Project Camelot was important in the development of ethical guidelines for anthropology.

Question 59

Discuss the common negative outcomes of development projects with a focus on the growing of sisal in Brazil.