Deck 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language

Question 1

Which is part of Gernsbacher's structure building framework?

A) A situational model
B) Anaphoric reference
C) Mapping information
D) Pragmatic assessment

Answer 1

Pragmatic assessment

Question 2

Reducing the activation level of concepts no longer relevant to the meaning of a sentence is referred to as:

A) Mapping
B) Shifting
C) Foundation building
D) Suppression

Answer 2

Suppression

Question 3

"Advantage of first mention" is:

A) Characters and ideas that were mentioned in the very first sentence, at the beginning of the entire episode; they retain a special significance
B) The process of comprehension in Gernsbacher's theory, of building a mental representation of the meaning of sentences
C) The linguistic process of alluding to a concept by using another name (e.g., pronouns or synonym); use of this will require the reader/listener to find the connections to the other concepts in the sentence
D) The mental processes of reference, implication, and inference during language comprehension. It is required for the process of constructing a connection between concepts

Answer 3

Characters and ideas that were mentioned in the very first sentence, at the beginning of the entire episode; they retain a special significance

Question 4

Which is NOT true of sentences with definite and indefinite articles?

A) The word "the" is a cue for discourse coherence.
B) The word "the" enables us to perform the mapping process more efficiently and accurately.
C) Sentences with the word "the" showed greater evidence of coherent processing than those with indefinite articles.
D) Indefinite articles produce greater brain activation than definite articles.

Question 5

Taken together, the following two sentences Andrew wanted to talk to Jackie. He rang her provide an example of a(n):

A) Online comprehension task
B) Overload of working memory
C) Anorphoric reference
D) Definite article

Question 6

Situation models:

A) Represent the real-world situation described in a passage of text
B) Represent the propositional coding of the information
C) Always use online comprehension tasks
D) Do not include spatial and temporal information

Question 7

Clark refers to the process of constructing a connection between concepts as:

A) Structure building
B) Mapping
C) Bridging
D) Conversational maxims

Question 8

Which of the following represents "indirect reference by association"?

A) Identity: Michelle bought a computer. It was on sale.
B) Probable parts: Erick bought a used snowboard. The bindings are broken.
C) Optional roles: I taught a class yesterday. The chalk tray was empty.
D) Causes: Ruth answered a question in class. The professor had called upon her.

Question 9

Saccades during reading:

A) Last the same time as during scene perception
B) Are shorter than for scene perception
C) Use the concept of displacement
D) Are longer than during scene perception

Question 10

Saccades during reading last approximately:

A) 30 ms
B) 10 ms
C) 50 ms
D) 100 ms

Question 11

The sentence "Jake went into his office. The floor was very dirty" is most associated with:

A) Inferences during comprehension
B) Situational attribution model
C) Causal template
D) The misinformation effect

Question 12

During a conversation, which of the following reflects second-order theory?

A) An appraisal of the other person
B) Making indirect replies to the other person
C) Our knowledge of what the other person knows about us
D) Making direct replies to the other person

Question 13

Which of the following is one of Grice's Conversational Maxims?

A) Indirect requests
B) Gaze duration
C) Manner and tone
D) Setting

Question 14

The idea that each participant in a conversation implicitly assumes that all speakers are following the rules and that each contribution to the conversation is a sincere, appropriate contribution. The most basic conversational postulate, stating that participants cooperate by sharing information in an honest fashion:

A) The "Co-operative" principle
B) The "Quality" principle
C) The "Belief" principle
D) The "Manner" principle

Question 15

Although adults' initially planned utterances are egocentric (ambiguous or difficult for the listener to comprehend), over time they:

A) Edit and monitor their speech plan and adjust it as needed
B) Use direct -order types of speech
C) Use conditional reasoning to change their speech style
D) Use definite and indefinite articles to make the conversation more sociable

Question 16

The question "Can you pass me the ketchup" is an example of:

A) Egocentric speech
B) Direct speech
C) An antecedent
D) Indirect speech

Question 17

The concepts of authorized and unauthorized implications are associated with Clark's notion of bridging.

Question 18

Saint-Aubim and Klein (2001) investigated the missing letter effect (MLE) They found that function words were less likely to receive attention than content words, and were therefore more likely to be omitted.

Question 19

Although some exception words (like one) and pseudohomophones (like wun) are pronounced the same, neuroimaging research has found they activate separate brain regions.

Question 20

Some exception words (like one) and pseudohomophones (like wun) are pronounced the same. What does recent neuroinmaging work tell us about brain activation while pronouncing these words?

Question 21

________ is the principle measure of online comprehension during reading.

Question 22

The largely tacit rules that govern our participation in conversations are called ________.

Question 23

The question "Do you have the time"is an example of a(n) ________ request.

Question 24

Evidence of structure building in language comprehension is provided by the two major effects of ________ and ________.

Question 25

What is the difference between a direct and second-order theory?

Question 26

When people judge how many instances a certain letter appears in a sentence, letters in function words, such as "of", are often missed. Describe how the research conducted by Saint-Aubim and Klein (2001) on this missing letter effect (MLE) explains this phenomenon.

Question 27

Describe the four main principles of Grice's Conversational Maxims.

Question 28

What is the role of pragmatics in sentence comprehension?