Deck 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World

Question 1

In the leading questions/memory distortion work by Loftus, participants were shown a video of a car crash and then asked how fast the cars were going when they hit/smashed/collided/bumped/contacted each other. The between-group difference in the immediate report of the speeds the cars were traveling (e.g., across the smashed and contacted groups) likely indicates that:

A) Memory is vulnerable to suggestibility
B) The experimenter's question provided a cue that helped recall
C) The experimenter's question filled in the missing gaps in the participant's memory
D) The original memory decayed over time

Answer 1

Memory is vulnerable to suggestibility

Question 2

Which of the following is one of Schacter's "seven sins of memory"?

A) Transfer
B) Transience
C) Rationalization
D) Normalization

Answer 2

Transience

Question 3

Which of the following is one of Schacter's "sins of omission"?

A) Misattribution
B) Persistence
C) Bias
D) Absent-mindedness

Answer 3

Absent-mindedness

Question 4

Which of the following did Bartlett mention as an important clue to understanding human memory?

A) The study of context-free associations
B) Normalization and rationalization
C) Displacement
D) Reproductive memory

Question 5

Bartlett's story in which students were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" demonstrates the:

A) Reconstructive nature of memory
B) Misinformation effect
C) Proactive interference
D) Reminiscence bump

Question 6

Schemata is:

A) A stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic
B) A person's entire knowledge system
C) Top-down processing bias leading to reproductive memory recall
D) Top-down processing bias leading to source amnesia

Question 7

Which is least associated with Bartlett and "The War of the Ghosts"?

A) Reconstructive memory
B) Meaningful material
C) Schema
D) Misinformation acceptance

Question 8

When recalling a story, such as Bartlett's "War of the Ghosts", the constructive effects of memory are due to:

A) Drawing inferences from the passage during the original comprehension
B) Reproducing the story's correct events
C) Making inferences about the story during retrieval
D) The misinformation effect

Question 9

Sulin & Doolin describe a story in which "Carol Harris was a problem child from birth, she was wild, stubborn, and violent, ..." They also give a version of the story where Carol Harris was replaced with Helen Keller. After a week, what was the effect that they illustrated?

A) Script learning
B) Normalization effects
C) Omission
D) Thematic effects

Question 10

The Adolf Hitler/Gerald Martin example (Sulin & Dooling, 1974) illustrated:

A) Script theory
B) Thematic effects
C) Reproductive memories
D) Propositional encoding

Question 11

In the Bransford & Franks (1971) experiment subjects incorrectly reported recognizing the "three" phrase "The ants ate the sweet jelly that was on the table" as an "old" sentence despite the fact that that particular set of propositions had never been presented together in one sentence. This type of error illustrates:

A) The misinformation effect
B) Evidence for semantic integration
C) Good technical accuracy
D) A high level of "hits"

Question 12

Technical accuracy:

A) Propositional encoding
B) A "hit" despite a high proportion of "false alarms"
C) Semantic roles as pathway labels
D) Recollection or recognition based on content or meaning

Question 13

Case grammar:

A) Connecting semantic nodes by "property" or "isa" pathways
B) Meaning of a sentence determined by analysing semantic roles played by words
C) Syntactic analytic grammar
D) Semantic associations leading to spreading activation via pre-established pathways

Question 14

Your understanding of the phrase "the key opened the door" is most closely related to which theoretical view?

A) Depth of processing
B) Elaborative encoding
C) Transformational grammar
D) Case grammar

Question 15

In the simple sentence "Laura eats spaghetti.":

A) Spaghetti is the recipient.
B) Spaghetti is the agent.
C) Spaghetti is the relation.
D) Spaghetti is the property.

Question 16

According to Sach (1967), when people read a sentence for later recall they tend to:

A) Remember it verbatim because they will rehearse it this way
B) Remember only part of the sentence because of decay
C) Mostly remember just the meaning unless tested immediately
D) Have very high levels of accuracy if told about the test in advance

Question 17

When Kintsch & Bates (1977) gave a surprise recognition test to students two or five days after a classroom lecture, they found:

A) Verbatim memory was just as good at five days as at two days.
B) Students were better at rejecting jokes not told than recognizing jokes that were told.
C) Memory for general statements was better than memory for details
D) One's were remembered better than two's.

Question 18

A long-term memory representation of some complex event, such as going to the dentist:

A) A script
B) A proposition
C) A mnemonic
D) A semantic case

Question 19

A key phrase or word that activate a stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic, for example, "hungry" or "waitress"
For the "Restaurant"
Script:

A) Script
B) Header
C) Frame
D) Theme

Question 20

According to script theory, at this college REGISTRATION is by TELEPHONE. REGISTRATION is ________, TELEPHONE is ________.

A) Prime; target
B) Script; header
C) Header; slot
D) Script; schema

Question 21

Josee went to the supermarket to buy some food. First she picked up a basket to carry her groceries, then she looked at her shopping list. She then went to the relevant aisles and placed the items in her basket. When she had finished findings all the items she stood in line at the checkout. After the cashier put the groceries in bags, Josee left the store. When reading this story, we know that Josee paid for her groceries at some point because of our supermarket ________ that is stored in memory

A) Script
B) Visual image
C) Schema
D) Normative performance indicator

Question 22

The common or typical value that occupies the frame:

A) Header
B) Posit
C) Default value
D) Normative performance indicator

Question 23

In Schacter's (1999) view, the sin of absent-mindedness is primarily due to:

A) Incorrect semantic associations
B) Source misattribution
C) Distorting memory for past events
D) Failure of attention during encoding

Question 24

Roediger & McDermott (1995) performed an experiment in which subjects were presented with lists of semantically related items and then (after a short interval filled with an arithmetic task) given a yes/no recognition test, which include critical lures among the items. Their work illustrated:

A) Misinformation acceptance
B) Repressed memories
C) Implicit memory
D) False memories

Question 25

Reporting having seen a yield sign in a video of a car crash (when no sign was present) after being asked a question that mentioned a yield sign (e.g., "Did the car slow down at the yield sign prior to the accident?")

A) Misinformation effect
B) Misattribution theory
C) Source knowledge
D) Overconfidence

Question 26

Which of the following is a source of memory distortion?

A) Encoding specificity
B) Source misattribution
C) Semantic integration
D) Case grammar

Question 27

Which of the following is most likely to lead to stronger memory distortions?

A) Imagining that an event occured
B) Thinking about the propositions in a question
C) Writing down a question
D) Identifying the "header" in a question

Question 28

Lindsay et al. (2004) report describing a pseudo-event (a childhood story of putting green slime in a teacher's desk) in the context of two "real" events from the person's own childhood. Half were also shown their (real) grade school class picture. They were to come back in a week for further testing. Which describes their result after this one-week delay?

A) In the photo group, the "thought did it" percentage went from 30% to 70% (i.e., the majority reported the activity as true after the one-week delay).
B) In the photo group, the "thought did it" percentage remained at 30% throughout.
C) In the nonphoto group, the "thought did it" percentage remained at 15% throughout.
D) In the nonphoto group, the "thought did it" percentage remained at 30% throughout.

Question 29

Overconfidence in memory can derive from:

A) Good metamemory
B) Checking propositions
C) Processing fluency
D) Repression.

Question 30

The tendency to remember things one would rather forget:

A) von Restorff
B) Persistence
C) Repression
D) Revision

Question 31

Believing you learned a fact from one of your courses when you actually read about it on the internet is an example of:

A) Source misattribution
B) Semantic memory
C) The misinformation effect
D) Script theory

Question 32

Autobiographical memory refers to:

A) Memory for general knowledge
B) Knowing the sequence of events when going to a restaurant
C) Remembering to do something in the future
D) Memory for personal experiences

Question 33

A script involves knowing about:

A) The details of a personal experience
B) A sequence of actions related to a specific event
C) Information stored in episodic memory
D) The constructive nature of memory

Question 34

Mary Jane went to the restaurant, sat down, and put on her reading glasses. She knew she should do this because her restaurant script had been activated and so:

A) She was expecting to read the menu
B) She had a headache
C) She wanted to see who else was in the restaurant
D) She did not want to lose her glasses

Question 35

False memories:

A) Occur in lab setting but not in the real world
B) Occur for details but not for events
C) Are luckily not a problem in the justice system
D) Are a consequence of the reconstructive nature of memory

Question 36

According to Schank and Abelson (1977), only one concept is necessary to activate a script.

Question 37

The case grammar approach focuses its analysis on the thematic relatedness of the concepts.

Question 38

In the sentence "Joachim hit the ball", the central relation is "hit".

Question 39

Node-plus-pathway and list-of-arguments (semantic cases) are both methods for representing propositions.

Question 40

Content accuracy is enhanced by the tendency to integrate related information together.

Question 41

A header is a default value, the common typical value that occupies the frame.

Question 42

Flashbulb memories seem to depend on distinctiveness.

Question 43

Shock and unexpectedness are critical for the retention of flashbulb memories.

Question 44

Studies of authobiographical memory, or memory in real-world settings, show the same kinds of effects as laboratory studies, but sometimes more strongly.

Question 45

By nearly unanimous agreement, the semantic unit that codes meaning is called a ________.

Question 46

In script theory, the ________ refers to an aspect of a story or scene that conforms to the typical state of affairs.

Question 47

Schacter's three sins of omission are ________, ________, and ________.

Question 48

Schacter's three sins of comission are ________, ________, and ________.

Question 49

In a proposition, the ________ are the ordered concepts that specify the meaning of the proposition.

Question 50

Describe the false memory research by Wade and colleagues (2002) in which they showed children photographs of themselves riding in a hot air balloon. What does your textbook suggest could be a problem with this particular study and how did the researchers rectify this problem?

Question 51

Choose three sins from Schacter's sins of omission and comission. Name the sins, describe what occurs in each, and what type of sin each represents.

Question 52

Why might it be argued that the apparent special status of "flashbulb memories"
is unnecessary, despite protestations to the contrary?

Question 53

Using at least five appropriate technical terms and their associated theories covered in this chapter, define
the circumstances in which you are most and least likely to accept the story of a friend as being true (e.g., a supposed memory of their first roller-coaster ride).

Question 54

Why is the reconstructive nature of memory a particular problem for eyewitness memory and testimony? In your discussion, include and explain two technical terms that contribute to this problem.