Deck 3: Social Contexts and Socioemotional Development

Question 1

The exosystem refers to the culture in which students and teachers live, including the society's values and customs.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The chronosystem refers to a student's sociohistorical conditions, such as whether he or she attended preschool.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Bronfenbrenner's theory has been instrumental in bringing to attention the importance of looking at children's lives in more than one setting.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Bronfenbrenner's theory has been instrumental in bringing to attention the importance of biological and cognitive factors in children's development.

Question 5

Erikson's life-span development theory was a critical force in forging our current view of human development as life-long rather than being restricted to childhood.

Question 6

According to Erikson's life-span development theory, developmental stages occur in a standard sequence at particular times in a person's life.

Question 7

Children of authoritarian parents tend to be self-reliant and have high self-esteem.

Question 8

Adolescents who have their activities and behaviors monitored by their parents often become delinquents.

Question 9

The Montessori approach to early childhood education emphasizes student rights and parent participation.

Question 10

Some research suggests that children with poor peer relations are more likely to drop out of school and display delinquent behavior when they reach adolescence.

Question 11

Lacking friends has been linked to depression and lower grades in middle school children.

Question 12

According to recent research, students with older friends are more likely to engage in deviant behavior than their counterparts who have same-age friends.

Question 13

In the United States, females are equally likely as males to drop out of high school, and dropout rates among all races are equal.

Question 14

Kohlberg believed that the most important factor in adolescence involves identity.

Question 15

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, for an individual at the conventional level, morality is completely internalized and not based on external standards.

Question 16

Kohlberg believed that a child's moral thinking can be advanced through discussions with others who reason at the next higher stage.

Question 17

Which of the following actions by teachers would most likely reduce the self-esteem of an elementary school child?

A) Rewarding the student for displaying good behavior
B) Criticizing the student for making a mistake
C) Asking students to work together in small groups
D) Encouraging students to share ideas with the class

Question 18

Persistent low self-esteem is linked with all of the following except:

A) Depression
B) Eating disorders
C) High achievement
D) Delinquency

Question 19

Which of the following statements about children's self-esteem is False ?

A) High self-esteem increases happiness.
B) Self-esteem often varies across different domains.
C) High self-esteem children seem to be "immune" to antisocial behaviors.
D) Girls' self-esteem drops about twice as much as that of boys during adolescence.

Question 20

Which of the following questions addresses the cognitive domain of moral development?

A) How does a student feel about an issue?
B) Why does the student agree or disagree with a certain rule?
C) How does the student behave when interacting with others?
D) Does the student empathize with someone in a particular situation?

Question 21

Which of the following questions addresses the behavioral domain of moral development?

A) How does the student feel about an issue?
B) What does the student think about other people?
C) How does the student respond toward other people?
D) Can the student empathize with other people?

Question 22

Which of the following statements best describes heteronomous morality, as proposed by Piaget's theory on moral development?

A) Justice and rules are unchangeable properties of the world.
B) Justice and rules are changeable properties because people's interpretations frequently differ.
C) Justice and rules are developed by people and must be modified to fit each new situation.
D) Justice and rules are not necessary when morality has become internalized.

Question 23

Which of the following individuals developed a theory of moral development in which internalization plays a key role in the development process?

A) John Dewey
B) Urie Bronfenbrenner
C) Erik Erikson
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 24

Which of the following statements best describes "character education"?

A) Direct teaching of a basic moral literacy through instruction and example
B) Exercises in which students learn to construct values for themselves
C) Activities in which groups of students construct values for themselves and defend them
D) A 6-week course in which students learn about local law enforcement

Question 25

Which of the following is not a teaching strategy for improving children's self-esteem?

A) Identify the causes of low self-esteem.
B) Provide emotional support.
C) Provide moral development.
D) Help children achieve.

Question 26

Which of the following is a teaching strategy for improving children's self-esteem?

A) Identify the causes of low self-esteem
B) Provide emotional support
C) Develop children's coping skills
D) Help children achieve
E) All of these

Question 27

Which of the following examples demonstrates the emotional domain of moral development?

A) Maria is angry with her classmate.
B) Maria told lies about her classmate.
C) Maria hit her classmate.
D) Maria cannot understand why her classmate behaves a certain way.

Question 28

Which of the following individuals is in Kohlberg's social system stage of moral reasoning?

A) Adam does his seatwork quietly because he knows that the teacher will send a note home if he doesn't, and then he will be punished.
B) Barbara tells the teacher all of the students who misbehaved while the teacher was away because she wants the teacher to always like her.
C) Clara does not think it is fair that she must miss recess; after all, she did what the teacher said to do, which was to quietly form a line by the door before the teacher counted to five. However, other students didn't and now the whole class suffers.
D) Don obeys the teacher because the rules of the school are that all students must obey the teacher. As a student he has a duty to obey.

Question 29

Which of the following individuals is in Kohlberg's social contract stage of moral reasoning?

A) Dorothy does what the teacher says because he knows if he doesn't he'll be punished.
B) Bonnie obeys the teacher because she wants the teacher to like her and to think nice things of her.
C) Casey obeys the teacher because she understands that the only way that a classroom and a school can run effectively is if all of the students behave appropriately.
D) David obeys the teacher because the rules say that all students must obey, and as a student his duty is to obey the rules.

Question 30

Susie, a twelfth-grade teacher, will not award a failing student one extra point so as to pass and thus graduate. Susie feels that it is a violation of the law to award students points they did not earn, and thus she fails this student and the student does not graduate. According to Kohlberg, at what level of moral reasoning is Susie's teacher functioning in?

A) Preconventional morality
B) Conventional morality
C) Postconventional morality
D) None of the above

Question 31

Denisha notices that Kylov forgot to bring his crayons to class today so she offers to lend Kylov her green crayon, which is her least favorite, if he will switch his seat with her so that she can be next to her best friend. This is an example of Kohlberg's ___________ stage.

A) heteronomous morality
B) individualism, purpose, and exchange
C) interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
D) social systems morality

Question 32

Robby cheated on a math test by stealing the answers from the teacher's desk. The teacher realizes that someone stole the answers out of her desk. She asks the other students in her fourth-grade math class if they know who did it. Several of them stand up and announce to the class that they saw Robby take the answers from her desk. According to Kohlberg's theory, at what stage of morality are these children most likely to be functioning?

A) Heteronomous morality
B) Individualism, purpose, and exchange
C) Interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
D) Social systems morality

Question 33

Which of the following statements best describes a student with identity foreclosure?

A) The student has explored career paths and made a commitment toward a goal.
B) The student has accepted someone else's idea for a career path and made a commitment toward that goal.
C) The student has not explored career paths and lacks a goal.
D) The student has explored career paths but has made no commitments toward any path.

Question 34

Isaac, an adolescent, enjoys music and has always done well in math and science. He has explored career options in music, math, and science. As a result of reading, talking with counselors, and meeting with people employed in each field, Isaac has decided to pursue a career in statistics. Which of the following labels best describes Isaac's identity status?

A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity moratorium
C) Identity achievement
D) Identity foreclosure

Question 35

Marsha has spent very little time thinking about career options, but she knows that she wants to be an electrical engineer, just like her mother and father. Her school counselor is concerned because Marsha shows little interest in math and science. However, her parents are very proud. They assume that Marsha will begin to enjoy math and science once she gets to college. Which of the following labels best describes Marsha's identity status?

A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity moratorium
C) Identity achievement
D) Identity foreclosure

Question 36

Benjamin is a high school student who enjoys art classes more than any other classes. He also loves photography. He would like to pursue a career doing something creative. He would also like to work with people. He has thought about becoming an art teacher, photographer, or art historian. He is still thinking about his career, but has not made a final decision. Which of the following labels best describes Benjamin's identity status?

A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity moratorium
C) Identity achievement
D) Identity foreclosure

Question 37

Which of the following provides the best example of how the macrosystem, as described by Bronfenbrenner, influences education?

A) Students interact directly with their teacher.
B) A parent influences classroom policies by complaining to the principal.
C) Students are bused to distant schools to achieve desegregation.
D) Teachers go on strike in response to salary cuts.

Question 38

Which of the following provides the best example of how the exosystem, as described by Bronfenbrenner, influences education?

A) Students interact directly with their teacher.
B) A parent and child meet with the child's teacher after school.
C) A student's grades plummet soon after his or her parents file for divorce.
D) The local government approves increased funding for public school libraries.

Question 39

Bronfenbrenner's theory provides one of the few theoretical frameworks for systematically examining how which of the following influences a child's education?

A) Social context
B) Biological factors
C) Cognitive factors
D) Inherited traits

Question 40

Which of the following is the first stage of development, as proposed by Erikson?

A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) Trust versus mistrust
C) Identity versus identity confusion
D) Integrity versus despair

Question 41

According to Erikson's stages of development, at approximately what age does a person undergo the stage of identity versus identity confusion?

A) The first year
B) The second year
C) Ages 6 to puberty
D) Adolescence

Question 42

According to Erikson, during the ages of approximately 3 to 5 years, a child is in which of the following stages of development?

A) Intimacy versus isolation
B) Trust versus mistrust
C) Identity versus identity confusion
D) Initiative versus guilt

Question 43

Which of Erikson's stages best describes a child who is beginning to learn to be responsible for his or her self and belongings?

A) Initiative versus guilt
B) Industry versus isolation
C) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) Generativity versus stagnation

Question 44

During which of Erikson's stages is a person expected to focus his or her efforts on transmitting something positive to the next generation?

A) Intimacy versus isolation
B) Initiative versus guilt
C) Integrity versus despair
D) Generativity versus stagnation

Question 45

Individuals discover that their behavior is their own, and thus begin to assert their independence at approximately what age?

A) 6 months old
B) 1 year old
C) 3 years old
D) 5 years old

Question 46

According to Erikson's life-span development theory, the primary risk during the elementary years is that an individual might develop a sense of which of the following?

A) Inferiority, unproductiveness, and incompetence
B) Regret, despair, and sorrow
C) Loneliness and isolation
D) Guilt and anxiety

Question 47

To encourage preschool-aged children to develop initiative, Mr. Reston thinks it is best to select all of their activities for them rather than allowing them to make decisions for themselves. Which of the following people would most strongly disagree with him?

A) Erikson
B) Bronfenbrenner
C) Kohlberg
D) Gilligan

Question 48

Mrs. Hernandez believes that she needs to encourage preschool-aged children in developing initiative, and therefore she thinks that criticism should be kept to a minimum. Which of the following people would most strongly agree with her?

A) Erikson
B) Bronfenbrenner
C) Kohlberg
D) Gilligan

Question 49

Julie is experiencing some indecision. She has to choose what college to attend, whether to go away from home, what career to choose, and whether to room with someone she knows. According to Erikson's life-stage development theory, what stage is Julie in?

A) Trust vs. mistrust
B) Identity vs. identity confusion
C) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 50

Ms. Nolen has Mia, one of her students, stay after class so she can speak to her about her recent essay. Ms. Nolen noticed that in Mia's last essay regarding future careers, Mia varied from wanting to be a financial consultant, to a school principal, to a nurse, to the manager of a pet shop. According to Erikson, what stage is Mia most likely to be in?

A) Industry vs. inferiority
B) Identity vs. identity confusion
C) Initiative vs. guilt
D) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 51

Andrea created a picture of an aquarium, which she plans to give to her teacher to hang in the classroom. Andrea was very excited by the idea that her teacher would hang up her picture on the wall, especially since the reason Andrea had made it was to show her teacher she could draw all sorts of fish from memory. In which of Erikson's stages do children realize that they can obtain the recognition of teachers and parents by producing things?

A) Industry vs. inferiority
B) Trust vs. mistrust
C) Initiative vs. guilt
D) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 52

According to Erikson's life-span development theory, if an individual is neglected or treated badly as an infant, that individual will likely develop which of the following traits?

A) Guilt
B) Isolation
C) Mistrust
D) identity confusion

Question 53

According to Erikson's life-span development theory, if a toddler is punished harshly, he or she will likely develop which of the following traits?

A) Guilt
B) Isolation
C) Mistrust
D) Shame

Question 54

Chase's mom thinks it's better to let her infant son cry for a while before attending to his needs so that he does not get spoiled. According to Erikson's life-span development theory, if an infant thinks that his needs may or may not be met, he or she will likely develop which of the following traits?

A) Guilt
B) Isolation
C) Mistrust
D) Shame

Question 55

Cecilia's mother volunteers in her classroom three times a week. Her father is on the school advisory committee that discusses important connections between the school and the families. According to Bronfenbrenner, this example demonstrates the

A) exosystem.
B) microsystem.
C) mesosystem.
D) macrosystem.

Question 56

Ryan's favorite park is going to be demolished, and in its place a shopping center is going to be built. Ryan is very upset because she will no longer be able to go to the park every day and play. Her mom has explained to her that they have no control over this decision. She will try to go to the next closest park; however, this park is farther away and Ryan may only get to go once a week. According to Bronfenbrenner, this example demonstrates the

A) exosystem.
B) microsystem.
C) mesosystem.
D) macrosystem.

Question 57

Kenny lives in the United States; his friend whom he chats with on the Internet lives in a society in which men and women have traditional gender roles. Kenny's friend was very surprised to hear that Kenny's mom goes to work and that his dad stays at home with the children. According to Bronfenbrenner, this example demonstrates the

A) exosystem.
B) microsystem.
C) mesosystem.
D) macrosystem.

Question 58

According to the author of the text, children are most likely to behave in socially competent ways if they are raised with which of the following types of parenting?

A) Indulgent
B) Authoritarian
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful

Question 59

Which of the following statements best describes indulgent parenting?

A) Parents are highly involved with their children and place few limits or restrictions.
B) Parents are highly involved with their children and place severe limits and restrictions.
C) Parents are uninvolved with their children and place few limits or restrictions.
D) Parents are uninvolved with their children and place severe limits and restrictions.

Question 60

Which of the following statements best describes neglectful parenting?

A) Parents are highly involved with their children and place few limits or restrictions.
B) Parents are highly involved with their children and place severe limits and restrictions.
C) Parents are uninvolved with their children and place few limits or restrictions.
D) Parents are uninvolved with their children and place severe limits and restrictions.

Question 61

Which of the following statements best describes characteristics of children raised by neglectful parents?

A) They get along well with others and have high self-esteem.
B) They have poor self-control and do not handle independence well.
C) They are extremely competitive and highly motivated.
D) They have poor communication skills but follow directions well.

Question 62

Which of the following statements best describes characteristics of children raised by authoritative parents?

A) They get along well with their peers and have high self-esteem.
B) They have poor self-control and do not handle independence well.
C) They are extremely competitive and highly motivated.
D) They have poor communication skills but follow directions well.

Question 63

Which of the following statements best describes characteristics of children raised by authoritarian parents?

A) They get along well with their peers and have high self-esteem.
B) They have poor self-control and do not handle independence well.
C) They are extremely competitive and outgoing with their peers.
D) They are anxious about social comparison, fail to initiate activity, and have poor communication skills.

Question 64

Researchers have found that in some ethnic groups, aspects of the authoritarian parenting style may be associated with which of the following positive child outcomes?

A) Creativity and spontaneity
B) High academic achievement and prosocial behavior
C) Advanced language development
D) Multicultural ethnic identity

Question 65

Throughout elementary school, children in divorced families had the highest achievement and fewest problems when both the parenting environment and school environment were which of the following?

A) Neglectful
B) Indulgent
C) Authoritarian
D) Authoritative

Question 66

Which of the following parent behaviors is positively linked to student achievement and self- responsibility?

A) Maintaining a structured and organized family environment
B) Setting high expectations for achievement in school
C) Involvement in activities such as school meetings, teacher conferences, or volunteering
D) All of the above

Question 67

Which of the following statements about children's television viewing is false?

A) U.S. 8- to 18-year-olds average 10 hours a week watching television.
B) Many children spend more time in front of the television than they do with their parents.
C) Television viewing is negatively related to children's achievement in school.
D) Children's television viewing should be planned and monitored, not random.

Question 68

Recent studies show that participation in extracurricular activities is linked to all of the following except :

A) Higher rates of substance abuse
B) Reduced school dropout rates
C) Improved likelihood of going to college
D) Higher self-esteem

Question 69

Researchers who study peer relations among children have noted that popular children typically display which of the following characteristics?

A) They lack self-confidence.
B) They show concern for others.
C) They engage in delinquent behavior.
D) They are dishonest.

Question 70

According to recent research, positive peer relations in elementary school is linked to which of the following?

A) Work success
B) Poor romantic relationships
C) Delinquency in middle school
D) Inability to communicate effectively

Question 71

In the United States, Project Head Start was designed to accomplish which of the following?

A) Provide a babysitting service for young children of low-income and middle-income families
B) Provide an opportunity for young children from low-income families to acquire skills to help them succeed in school
C) Provide tutoring and childcare for teen-aged mothers while the mothers complete requirements for high school graduation
D) Provide advanced training for all young children in need of special assistance

Question 72

Which of the following is a theme of developmentally appropriate education?

A) Children's development occurs independent of sociocultural conditions such as poverty.
B) Children learn best while sitting quietly at desks and working independently.
C) Children are active learners and should be encouraged to explore the world around them.
D) Assignments are designed primarily to emphasize academic skills.

Question 73

Which of the following best describes the curriculum controversy in early childhood education?

A) Local school districts are putting pressure on preschools to develop rigorous math and reading curriculum.
B) Reform-minded educators advocate a bilingual preschool environment.
C) Some educators advocate home-based instruction while others advocate a standards-based school environment.
D) Some educators advocate a child-centered, constructivist approach while others advocate an academic, cognitive approach.

Question 74

Some experts worry that emphasizing academic skills in early childhood education programs will result in which of the following?

A) Increased pressure on young children to achieve
B) Increased emphasis on socioemotional skills
C) Overemphasis on developmentally appropriate practices
D) All of these

Question 75

Jake's preschool classroom displays many types of hands-on materials on the shelves, including a variety of building materials, art supplies, books, and puzzles. The young children are shown how to work with the materials and clean up following an activity. Children are encouraged to explore the materials and choose what they like. Which early childhood education approach best describes Jake's classroom?

A) Child-centered, constructivist approach
B) Academic, instructivist approach
C) Authoritative approach
D) Standards-based approach

Question 76

Sam, a student in your class, is in danger of failing math because he never does his homework. When Sam's parents come in for a conference, you explain the situation and show them his homework record. Sam's parents act shocked by the news. They then begin to accuse you of assigning too much homework for a child in the third grade. Sam's mom says, "You know a teacher should not have to make up with homework what cannot be done effectively during their class time. Sam says that you spend too much time playing around instead of teaching; he should not be held responsible for your inadequate teaching." Which parenting style are Sam's parents exhibiting?

A) Indulgent
B) Authoritarian
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful

Question 77

Kenya's parents encourage her to be independent, but do place limits on her, such as curfew, homework hour, dinnertime, and bedtime. Which parenting style are Sam's parents exhibiting?

A) Indulgent
B) Authoritarian
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful

Question 78

Morgan does not really like picking on girls who are not popular. However, all of her friends do, and they have warned her that if she does not do as they do, they will not like her anymore. Thus, Morgan goes along with her group of friends despite her own personal identity. In this scenario, why is Morgan picking on the less popular girls?

A) Because she is mean
B) Because her parents are authoritarian
C) Because she is exercising her own identity
D) Because her identity becomes determined by the group identity

Question 79

Barry's teacher notices that he displays poor self-control and does not handle independence well. Which of the following parenting styles do Barry's parents most likely have?

A) Indulgent
B) Authoritarian
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful

Question 80

Abby is not achievement-oriented, she will often fight if she is not given what she wants, and she is socially not competent. Which of the following parenting styles do Abby's parents most likely have?

A) Indulgent
B) Authoritarian
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful