Deck 11: The Trunk and Spinal Column

Question 1

Which of the following muscles is not strengthened to any substantial degree by sit-ups?

A)Internal and external abdominal obliques
B)Quadratus lumborum
C)Rectus abdominis
D)Sternocleidomastoids

Answer 1

Quadratus lumborum

Question 2

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the abdominal muscles?

A)Some sections of these muscles are linked by fascia and tendinous bands.
B)These muscles do not attach completely from bone to bone.
C)Both of the above choices are correct.
D)None of the above choices is correct.

Answer 2

Both of the above choices are correct.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is correct regarding trunk movement at the lumbar spine?

A)Flexes approximately 60 degrees
B)Extends 20 to 30 degrees
C)Both of the above choices are correct
D)None of the above choices is correct

Answer 3

Extends 20 to 30 degrees

Question 4

Which of the following is not considered to be a large abdominal muscle?

A)Rectus abdominis
B)External oblique abdominal
C)Lateral abdominis
D)Quadratus lumborum

Question 5

Which of the following muscles would not be concentrically active when attempting to place the right ear on the right shoulder while lying on the left side?

A)Left sternocleidomastoid
B)Right erector spinae
C)Right splenius capitis
D)Right sternocleidomastoid

Question 6

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the diaphragm muscle?

A)It is responsible for breathing during quiet rest
B)When it contracts and flattens air is inspired
C)When larger amounts of air are needed other thoracic muscles have a more significant contribution to inspiration
D)All of the above choices are correct

Question 7

Which of the following muscles contract concentrically to cause extension of the head, right cervical rotation, and right cervical lateral flexion?

A)Left sternocleidomastoid
B)Right splenius cervicis
C)Right splenius capitis
D)Right sternocleidomastoid

Question 8

Which of the following muscles contract concentrically to cause cervical flexion, left cervical rotation, and right cervical lateral flexion?

A)Left sternocleidomastoid
B)Right splenius cervicis
C)Right splenius capitis
D)Right sternocleidomastoid

Question 9

When performing the up portion of the sit-up with rotation to the left, which of the following muscles are utilized the most?

A)Left internal oblique abdominal and left external oblique abdominal
B)Left internal oblique abdominal and right external oblique abdominal
C)Right internal oblique abdominal and left external oblique abdominal
D)Right internal oblique abdominal and right external oblique abdominal

Question 10

In performing lateral flexion against gravity such as in a lateral sit-up, which of the following muscles would be least effective?

A)Erector spinae
B)Internal and external abdominal oblique
C)Quadratus lumborum
D)Rectus abdominis

Question 11

Which of the following muscles would be most effective in performing anterior pelvic rotation?

A)Erector spinae
B)External abdominal oblique
C)Internal abdominal oblique
D)Rectus abdominis

Question 12

Capital flexion occurs in the joint between _____.

A)C1 and C2
B)C1-C2 and C3
C)Occipital condyles and C1
D)Occipital condyles and C1-C2

Question 13

The internal oblique abdominal muscle inserts on the _____.

A)anterior half of crest of ilium, inguinal ligament, crest of pubis, and fascia of rectus abdominis at lower front
B)cartilage of 5 ^th, 6 ^th, and 7 ^th ribs and xiphoid process
C)costal cartilage of 8 ^th, 9 ^th, and 10 ^th ribs and linea alba
D)upper half of inguinal ligament, anterior 2/3 of crest of ilium, and lumbar fascia

Question 14

The right sternocleidomastoid is functionally similar to the right external abdominal oblique in that when contracting concentrically, they both cause their respective segments of the spine to _______.

A)extend
B)laterally flex contralaterally
C)rotate contralaterally
D)rotate ipsilaterally

Question 15

Extreme _____ of the spine would be prevented in part by the spinous processes.

A)extension
B)flexion
C)lateral flexion
D)rotation

Question 16

The trunk is composed of the _____.

A)rib cage, cervical spine, and pelvic girdle
B)thoracic spine, cervical spine, and pelvic girdle
C)thoracic spine, rib cage, and cervical spine
D)thoracic spine, rib cage, and pelvic girdle

Question 17

Of the four abdominal muscles, which is not a prime mover in lateral pelvic rotation from a hanging overhead by the hands position?

A)External abdominal oblique
B)Internal abdominal oblique
C)Erector spinae
D)Transverse abdominus

Question 18

Nearly all movement of the spinal column takes place within the two supportive structures known as the _____ and _____.

A)cervical; lumbar
B)cervical; thoracic
C)lumbar; thoracic
D)thoracic; sacral

Question 19

Increased posterior concavity of the cervical spine is known as _____.

A)kyphosis
B)lordosis
C)recurvatum
D)scoliosis

Question 20

The most easily palpated structure of the spine is the _____ process.

A)spinous
B)styloid
C)transverse
D)xiphoid

Question 21

The primary movers in cervical spine extension (against resistance) are the:

A)erector spinae.
B)scalenus.
C)semispinalis cervicis.
D)sternocleidomastoid.

Question 22

Most of the rotation within the cervical region occurs in the joint between _____.

A)C1 and C2
B)C2 and C3
C)C7 and T1
D)Occipital condyles and C1

Question 23

The external oblique abdominal muscle inserts on the _____.

A)anterior half of crest of ilium, inguinal ligament, crest of pubis, and fascia of rectus abdominis at lower front
B)borders of lower eight ribs at side of chest dovetailing with serratus anterior
C)cartilage of 5th, 6th, and 7th ribs and xiphoid process
D)costal cartilage of 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs and linea alba

Question 24

From medial to lateral the erector spinae muscles are the _____.

A)iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
B)longissimus, semispinalis, iliocostalis
C)semispinalis, spinalis, longissimus
D)spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

Question 25

The movement that occurs between the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebral facet joints is characterized as _____.

A)gliding
B)rocking
C)rotary
D)spinning

Question 26

The vertebral column has 24 articulating vertebrae.

Question 27

The vertebral column has 32 pairs of spinal nerves.

Question 28

The spinous processes are located anterior with respect to the vertebral bodies.

Question 29

A sideward deviation of the spine is known as scoliosis.

Question 30

Functions of the abdominal muscles include assisting in spinal stabilization and respiration.

Question 31

Vertebrae increase in size from the cervical to the lumbar region due to there being more weight supported by the spine as you move from superior to inferior.

Question 32

Kyphosis is increased posterior concavity of thoracic curve of the vertebral column.

Question 33

The pelvic girdle rotates as a unit due to movement occurring in the hips and/or lumbar spine.

Question 34

Spinal flexion is defined as anterior movement of the spine where the head moves toward chest and the thorax moves toward pelvis.

Question 35

Reduction of the spine is defined as a return movement from lateral flexion to a neutral position.

Question 36

The thoracic vertebrae are unique in comparison to the other vertebrae in that they have more points of articulation.

Question 37

The proximal and distal attachments of the erector spinae muscles enable them to extend the spine and assist in rotation and lateral flexion.

Question 38

The diaphragm depresses and draws the central tendon forward during exhalation.

Question 39

The linea alba runs vertically from the xiphoid process through the umbilicus to the pubis and divides the rectus abdominis muscle.

Question 40

The erector spinae iliocostalis muscles are considered to be agonist muscles during extension of the spine.

Question 41

The rectus abdominis muscle can control the tilt of the pelvis when contracting.

Question 42

The majority of spinal column movement occurs in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spine.

Question 43

Increased pressure on the spinal nerves may result from a herniated lumbar disc and may result in radiating pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness in the lower extremity.

Question 44

A substantial number of low back problems are caused by improper use of the back, particularly in flexion, over time.

Question 45

The right and left iliocostalis are agonistic to each other in right and left spinal rotation.

Question 46

Each thoracic vertebrae has one pair of ribs that attaches to it laterally.

Question 47

The horizontal indentations that transect the rectus abdominis muscle, giving it a segmented appearance is the linea alba.

Question 48

Sit-ups are an excellent exercise for strengthening the erector spinae muscles.

Question 49

Six pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum via a separate costal cartilage.

Question 50

The normal curves of the cervical and lumbar portion of the spine are lordotic.