Deck 8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

The _____ example of an item that fits in a particular category is called a prototype.

A) approximate
B) best
C) worst
D) least common

Answer 1

best

Question 2

Using information and acting on that information is evidence of _____.

A) thinking
B) cognition
C) judging
D) problem-solving

Answer 2

thinking

Question 3

You develop _____ that are interrelated in order to better learn the material in this course.

A) hierarchies
B) artificial concepts
C) natural concepts
D) prototypes

Answer 3

hierarchies

Question 4

Mental representations of previously stored sensory experiences are called _____.

A) mental illusions
B) mental schemes
C) mental images
D) mental propositions

Question 5

For most psychologists, language is a formal _____, whereas the public generally uses fuzzy _____.

A) definition; descriptions
B) artificial concept; natural concepts
C) mental image; concepts
D) superordinate concept; basic level concepts

Question 6

Problem-solving is the act of moving _____.

A) from a given state to a goal state
B) from emotion to motivation
C) from sensation to perception
D) from here to there

Question 7

When learning a new concept, children are most likely to learn the basic level or _____ first.

A) superordinate category
B) prototype
C) subcategory
D) hierarchy

Question 8

All of the following are examples of concepts EXCEPT _____.

A) trees
B) tools
C) blue
D) umbrellas

Question 9

In everyday "real" life, most of us use _____ concepts.

A) mental
B) artificial
C) natural
D) formal

Question 10

This is a representation of the "best" or most typical example of a category.

A) a natural concept
B) an artificial concept
C) a prototype
D) an exemplar

Question 11

Which of the following persons is using a mental image?

A) Karen is savoring her memory of the chocolate truffle she ate last night.
B) Farique is smugly picturing his new Ferrari.
C) Jamila is mentally reviewing the pitch and timbre of the notes in the new song she rehearsed last night.
D) All of these options

Question 12

Which are examples of abstract concepts?

A) Honesty, intelligence, love
B) Cars, trucks, motorcycles
C) Blue, green, red
D) People, places, things

Question 13

When shown a picture of a poodle, most adults will first classify it as _____.

A) an animal
B) a dog
C) a mammal
D) a highbred

Question 14

A mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics is called _____.

A) a map
B) an image
C) a concept
D) an idea

Question 15

When you group subcategories within broader concepts or categories, you are creating _____.

A) artificial concepts
B) superordinate categories
C) hierarchies
D) natural concepts

Question 16

This brain area plays a major role in associating complex ideas, making plans, and allocating attention.

A) The limbic system
B) The prefrontal cortex
C) The cerebellum
D) Broca's and Wernicke's area

Question 17

The mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge are collectively known as _____.

A) perception
B) cognition
C) consciousness
D) awareness

Question 18

Cognition includes the processes of _____.

A) sensation and perception
B) learning and memory
C) thinking and problem solving
D) all of these options

Question 19

Based on most people's prototype for fruit, which of the following would take longer to classify?

A) An orange
B) An apple
C) Grapes
D) An avocado

Question 20

An artificial or formal concept arises from _____.

A) the natural world or environment
B) hypothesis testing and prototypes
C) mental images or prototypes
D) logical rules or definitions

Question 21

Algorithms are great for:

A) determining your career path
B) deciding on a partner
C) computing your grade point average
D) none of the above

Question 22

This is a step-by-step procedure that, if followed, will eventually solve a problem.

A) Algorithm
B) Heuristic
C) Prototype
D) Brainstorming

Question 23

When you are identifying facts, distinguishing relevant from irrelevant facts, and defining a goal, you are in the _____ stage of problem-solving

A) initial
B) preparation
C) production
D) attribution

Question 24

The text illustrates how using a (an) __________ can help us choose a career.

A) algorithm
B) heuristic
C) artificial concept
D) hierarchy

Question 25

Means-end analysis, working backward, and creating subgoals are _____.

A) mnemonic devices
B) algorithmic solutions
C) heuristics
D) problem-solving sets

Question 26

Althea was working on her car and found a piece left over when she put her carburetor back together. Her neighbor's car was the same make and model, so she knocked on his door to ask if she could take his carburetor apart one piece at a time to determine where she went wrong. This is an example of the ______ heuristic.

A) working backward
B) working from a model
C) means-end analysis
D) in-your-dreams analysis

Question 27

The final stage in problem-solving is called _____.

A) the application phase
B) the final stage
C) the evaluation stage
D) the production stage

Question 28

Rosa is shopping in a new supermarket and wants to find a specific type of mustard. Which problem-solving strategy would be most efficient?

A) Algorithm
B) Heuristic
C) Instinct
D) Mental set

Question 29

Your "problem" is that you want a new car. Which of the following BEST demonstrates what you should do in the preparation stage for this problem?

A) Ask friends where they got their cars, make a list of dealers to visit.
B) Choose a color, make, and model, then log onto the Internet to locate a dealer who has one like this.
C) Determine how much money you can spend, and whether your goal is to have reliable transportation or to make an impression on others.
D) Ask your parents to buy you a car for your birthday.

Question 30

The tendency to think of an object functioning only in its usual or customary way is called _____.

A) functional rigidity
B) problem-solving fixedness
C) functional fixedness
D) a mental set

Question 31

Lamar is thinking about all the ways he can come up with the money he needs to buy the used Yugo he saw advertised in the "Car Trader" yesterday. Lamar is _____.

A) engaged in wishful thinking
B) engaged in stupid thinking
C) working in the evaluation stage of problem-solving
D) working in the production stage of problem-solving

Question 32

When confronted with a problem, persistence in using strategies that have worked in the past rather than new ones is called _____.

A) mental rigidity
B) a mental set
C) functional rigidity
D) a functional set

Question 33

When you use a knife as a screwdriver, you have _____.

A) overcome functional fixedness
B) used a prototype of the screwdriver
C) used a subcategory of a screwdriver
D) created a new concept of screwdriver

Question 34

Professor Wahl's counseling class is engaged in small-group generation of possible solutions for helping low-income families get the counseling they need. This class is in the _____ stage of problem-solving.

A) brainstorming
B) preparation
C) production
D) evaluation

Question 35

Murdock wants to get to his sister's new house, which he knows is north of where he is right now. Stranded without a map or a telephone, he decides to keep driving north in the hopes of finding the house. This is an example of the _____ heuristic.

A) algorithm
B) working backward
C) creating subgoals
D) means-end analysis

Question 36

An interior designer on the TV show "Trading Spaces" used the frame of a car to create a child's bed. This is an example of _____.

A) the problem with reality TV shows
B) a mental set
C) overcoming functional fixedness
D) the successful use of an algorithm

Question 37

During the production stage of problem-solving, you should generate _____.

A) possible solutions
B) relevant facts
C) irrelevant facts
D) your ultimate goal(s)

Question 38

Simple rules used in problem-solving that do not guarantee a solution but offer a likely shortcut to it, are called _____.

A) algorithms
B) inductions
C) heuristics
D) perceptual sets

Question 39

The tendency to seek out and pay attention only to information that confirms preexisting beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence is called _____.

A) the confirmation bias
B) fundamental fixation
C) a mental set
D) a conceptual bias

Question 40

Before a new product arrives in the store, a manufacturer goes through several stages including designing, building, testing a prototype, setting up a production line, and so on. This approach is called _____.

A) working backward
B) means-end analysis
C) divergent thinking
D) creating subgoals

Question 41

CURRENT thinking regarding Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that _____.

A) language determines thought
B) thought determines language
C) language influences thought
D) thought influences language

Question 42

Insurance companies avoid errors due to _____ by calculating and analyzing base rates for accidents, age-related diseases, etc.

A) a mental set
B) acalculia
C) the availability heuristic
D) the representative heuristic

Question 43

Regarding creativity, the word "fluency" means _____.

A) being able to discuss your ideas openly and easily
B) being able to avoid a mental set
C) being able to successfully avoid functional fixedness
D) generating a large number of solutions

Question 44

Estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match your prototype for that event or object is called _____.

A) functional fixedness
B) the availability heuristic
C) the representative heuristic
D) a mental set

Question 45

The sound for /ng/ is called _____; whereas the suffix /ing/ is called _____.

A) syntax; grammar
B) grammar; syntax
C) a phoneme; a morpheme
D) a morpheme; a phoneme

Question 46

Judging the likelihood or probability of events based on how easily other such events can be recalled is known as the _____ heuristic.

A) representative
B) availability
C) prototype
D) functional

Question 47

Thinking that produces many alternative ideas is called _____.

A) flexible
B) divergent
C) convergent
D) individual

Question 48

This is a form of communication that has rules for the use of sounds and symbols.

A) Language
B) Speech
C) Prose
D) Poetry

Question 49

What are the three abilities commonly associated with creativity?

A) Fluency, vocabulary, experience
B) Fluency, flexibility, originality
C) Flexibility, heuristics, algorithms
D) Originality, fluency, experience

Question 50

_____ is the ability to produce valuable outcomes in a novel way.

A) Problem-solving
B) Incubation
C) Functional flexibility
D) Creativity

Question 51

To develop an idea for a research paper in his English class, Shaleke should probably use _____ thinking.

A) convergent
B) semantic
C) divergent
D) group

Question 52

Which of the following is the most basic unit of sound?

A) Morphemes
B) Morphine
C) Phonemes
D) Pragmatics

Question 53

Creative thinking is related to _____.

A) fluency, flexibility, and originality
B) genetics, environmental reinforcement, and lack of punishment
C) convergent, divergent, and nonfunctional thinking
D) personality, motivation, and intellectual ability

Question 54

_____ thinking narrows a list of alternatives toward a single correct answer.

A) Original
B) Convergent
C) Divergent
D) Group

Question 55

Gina works for a boss who is very insecure and critical. Because Gina believes she would be punished for creative ideas, she is unlikely to attempt to be creative. Gina lacks the resources of _____.

A) knowledge and personality
B) motivation and environment
C) knowledge and environment
D) intellectual ability and personality

Question 56

Misjudging your risk of dying in an airplane crash because you just watched 24-hour coverage of one is MOST related to the _____ heuristic.

A) availability
B) representative
C) confirmation
D) convergence

Question 57

Janet uses _____ thinking to work on math problems.

A) convergent
B) individual
C) divergent
D) numerical

Question 58

According to Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, _____.

A) Klingons are smarter than Romulans
B) our vocabulary determines how we perceive and categorize the world
C) our perceptions determine our words
D) meaning is relative

Question 59

The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a _____.

A) morpheme
B) phoneme
C) word
D) letter

Question 60

Which of the following items would MOST likely appear on a test measuring creativity?

A) How long is the Ohio River?
B) What are the primary colors?
C) List all the uses for a pot.
D) Who was the first governor of New York?

Question 61

The prelinguistic stage of verbal communication in the newborn (birth to four weeks) is characterized by _____.

A) a reflexive crying response to any cause of tension
B) separate cries for hunger and pain, and cooing for pleasure
C) separate cries for hunger, anger, and wet diapers
D) a reflexive cry followed by distinguishable cries for hunger, anger, and pain

Question 62

"I goed to the zoo" and "I hurt my foots" are examples of _____.

A) prelinguistic verbalizations
B) overexposure to adult "baby talk"
C) overgeneralization
D) Noam Chomsky's theory of language acquisition

Question 63

The word "blanket" has _____ phoneme(s) and _____ morpheme(s).

A) one; two
B) seven; two
C) seven; one
D) two; one

Question 64

Which of the following sentences breaks the rules for English syntax?

A) The limb crawled out on the lamb of the tree.
B) Streets fatal accidents rainy causes.
C) 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves/Did gyre and gimble in the wabe.
D) All of these options

Question 65

Prelinguistic cooing refers to the production of _____.

A) three distinguishable cries for hunger, anger, and pain
B) vowel sounds
C) consonant and vowel sounds
D) sounds used only in the child's native language

Question 66

By age five, most children _____.

A) have mastered all the rules of grammar
B) can use about 5,000 words properly
C) are capable of communicating adequately in their native language
D) all of these options

Question 67

Chomsky believes we possess an inborn brain capacity to analyze language known as the _____.

A) telegraphic understanding device (TUD)
B) language acquisition device (LAD)
C) language and grammar translator (LGT)
D) overgeneralized neural net (ONN)

Question 68

To the delight of her parents, Mosee has just begun to produce vowel sounds known as _____, while Farina is delighting her parents by emitting all the sounds of human speech, which is called _____.

A) vocalizing; cooing
B) cooing; babbling
C) babbling; cooing
D) vocalizing; babbling

Question 69

The production of vowel/consonant combinations at 4 to 6 months is called _____.

A) babbling
B) cooing
C) vocalization
D) all of these options

Question 70

Children make errors like "mouses" and "goed" versus "mice" and "went" because they _____ the rules of grammar.

A) ignore
B) underextend
C) overextend
D) overgeneralize

Question 71

_____ is the set of grammatical rules that specify how to arrange words and phrases in a sentence to convey meaning.

A) Grammar
B) Syntax
C) Functional fixedness
D) The surface structure

Question 72

According to the language theory of Noam Chomsky, _____.

A) children are born "prewired" to learn language
B) language development is primarily a result of rewards and modeling of adult speech
C) overgeneralizations result from faulty development of the LAD
D) language development is primarily cultural and not biological

Question 73

A child who calls any man with a moustache "daddy" is demonstrating the principle of _____.

A) overgeneralization
B) overextension
C) over-simplification
D) over-categorization

Question 74

Infants enter the true linguistic stage at about _____ of age with the understanding that _____.

A) 18 months; dada means daddy
B) 12 months; mama means mommy
C) 12 months; sounds are related to meaning
D) 18 months; consonants and vowels produce words

Question 75

_____ is the set of rules that specify how phonemes, morphemes, words, and phrases should be combined to express meaningful thoughts.

A) Overgeneralization
B) Pragmatics
C) Semantics
D) Grammar

Question 76

The misuse of words to include objects that don't fit a word's meaning is called _____.

A) overgeneralization
B) under utilization
C) overextension
D) over utilization

Question 77

_____ refers to the meaning (or study of meaning) derived from words and word combinations.

A) Grammar
B) Syntax
C) Semantics
D) Pragmatics

Question 78

Applying the basic rules of grammar to cases that are exceptions to the rules is called _____.

A) overgeneralization
B) underutilization
C) overextension
D) overutilization

Question 79

Which of the following is the BEST example of telegraphic speech?

A) "I hungry"
B) 'Baba" for baby
C) "Daddy"
D) "Mama"

Question 80

Two- and three-word sentences that contain only the most necessary words are called _____.

A) telegraphic speech
B) simplistic speech
C) babbling
D) telescoped communication