Deck 6: Histology and Physiology of Bones

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a component of the skeletal system?

A) Bones
B) Tendons and ligaments
C) Blood vessels
D) Cartilage

Answer 1

Blood vessels

Question 2

The functions of the skeletal system include

A) Movement along with muscles and joints
B) Protection of organs
C) Production of blood cells in red bone marrow
D) Storage of minerals and fat
E) All of the choices are correct

Answer 2

All of the choices are correct

Question 3

What tissue attaches muscles to bone?

A) Cartilage
B) Tendon
C) Ligament
D) Adipose

Answer 3

Tendon

Question 4

Which type of cartilage is most associated with bone?

A) Fibrocartilage
B) Hyaline cartilage
C) Elastic cartilage

Question 5

What is the space that a chondrocyte occupies?

A) Lacuna
B) Perichondrium
C) Matrix
D) Lamella

Question 6

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones involved in joints is called

A) Joint cartilage
B) Fibrocartilage
C) Epiphyseal cartilage
D) Articular cartilage

Question 7

The organic portion of bone matrix is made of

A) Collagen and hydroxyapatite
B) Proteoglycans and hydroxyapatite
C) Calcium phosphate and collagen
D) Collagen and proteoglycans

Question 8

A cell with active protein synthesis of matrix vesicles is an

A) Osteoclast
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte

Question 9

In mature bone, the spaces occupied by the osteocyte cell processes are called

A) Canaliculi
B) Lacunae
C) Lamellae
D) Matrix vesicles

Question 10

The formation of bone by osteoblasts is called

A) Ossification
B) Osteogenesis
C) Resorption
D) Both ossification and osteogenesis are correct

Question 11

Large bone cells with several nuclei that release enzymes are

A) Osteoclasts
B) Osteoblasts
C) Osteocyte

Question 12

Bone cells originate from

A) Ectoderm
B) Mesenchyme
C) Endoderm
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 13

What kind of cells come from osteochondral progenitor cells?

A) Osteoclasts
B) Osteoblasts
C) Chondroblasts
D) Both chondroblasts and osteoblasts

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT true of woven bone?

A) First formed during fetal development
B) Has parallel collagen fibers
C) Formed during bone repair
D) Has randomly oriented collagen fibers

Question 15

The process of breaking down old bone and building new matrix is called

A) Appositional growth
B) Interstitial growth
C) Remodeling
D) Resorption

Question 16

The main characteristic feature of cancellous bone is/are

A) Trabeculae
B) Haversian canals
C) Concentric lamellae
D) Volkmann's canals

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of compact bone?

A) Trabeculae
B) Haversian canals
C) Concentric lamellae
D) Volkmann's canals

Question 18

Blood vessels that supply the central canals of compact bone enter the bone through

A) Circumferential lamellae
B) Trabeculae
C) Volkmann's canals
D) Haversian canals

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a typical bone shape?

A) Short
B) Irregular
C) Long
D) Circular

Question 20

Which part of a long bone is correctly matched with its description?

A) Diaphysis - end of a long bone
B) Medullary cavity - central canal in the diaphysis
C) Epiphysis - shaft of a long bone
D) Periosteum - lines inner cavities of bone

Question 21

The diaphysis of a long bone is composed mainly of

A) Cancellous bone
B) Woven bone
C) Compact bone
D) Spongy bone

Question 22

The epiphyses of long bones are made primarily of

A) Cancellous bone
B) Fibrocartilage
C) Compact bone
D) Articular cartilage

Question 23

The area of a long bone where growth in bone length occurs is the

A) Periosteum
B) Endosteum
C) Epiphyseal plate
D) Diaphysis

Question 24

An air-filled space in some skull bones is called a/an

A) Suture
B) Sinus
C) Epiphysis
D) Marrow space

Question 25

Which bones do NOT develop by intramembranous ossification?

A) Femur
B) Skull bones
C) Part of the mandible
D) Diaphysis of clavicles

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT true of intramembranous ossification?

A) Occurs within a connective tissue membrane
B) Begins about the eighth week of embryonic development
C) Osteochondral cells migrate to centers of ossification and become osteoblasts
D) Lamellar bone is the first type of bone that is formed

Question 27

Intramembranous ossification involves the formation of

A) Woven bone
B) Trabeculae
C) Fontanels
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 28

The formation of bone within cartilage is called

A) Intramembranous ossification
B) Endochondral ossification
C) Intercartilaginous ossification
D) Woven bone ossification

Question 29

Place the steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order. Primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis
Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses
A cartilage model produced by chondroblasts
Cartilage cells hypertrophy and calcify
A bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the cartilage model
Cartilage cells die leaving spaces

A) 1,6,3,5,2,4
B) 3,2,6,1,4,5
C) 3,5,1,4,6,2
D) 5,1,4,3,2,6

Question 30

Where does cartilage remain in a long bone after ossification has occurred?

A) Epiphyses and diaphysis
B) Epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage
C) Medullary cavity and epiphyses
D) Articular cartilage and fontanel

Question 31

Which activity of the epiphyseal plate is NOT correctly matched with its zone?

A) Resting cartilage - attaches to the epiphysis
B) Hypertrophy - chondrocytes die
C) Calcification - matrix is calcified
D) Proliferation - chondrocytes divide and form columns of cells

Question 32

Bones grow in length due to

A) Appositional growth
B) Interstitial growth
C) Epiphyseal plate growth
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 33

Where does appositional growth occur?

A) At the epiphyseal plate
B) At the articular cartilage
C) Under the periosteum
D) In the diaphysis

Question 34

Which of the following does NOT affect bone growth?

A) Mechanical stress
B) Genetics
C) Nutrition
D) Hormones

Question 35

Insufficient vitamin D in children may result in

A) Osteomalacia
B) Rickets
C) Achondroplasia
D) Osteoporosis

Question 36

Softening of adult bones due to calcium depletion is called

A) Osteomalacia
B) Rickets
C) Achondroplasia
D) Osteoporosis

Question 37

An abnormally increased height called pituitary gigantism usually results from

A) Increased calcium
B) Increased growth hormone during growing years
C) Increased vitamin D
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 38

Abnormal bone growth after growth plates have closed is called

A) Gigantism
B) Achondroplasia
C) Acromegaly
D) Osteomalacia

Question 39

Achondroplasia is caused by a/an

A) Increase in growth hormone during growth years
B) Decrease in growth hormone during growth years
C) Decrease in growth hormone after growth years
D) Gene mutation

Question 40

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

A) Depositing new bone
B) Reshaping old bone
C) Removing old bone
D) Adding bone to the diameter of a bone

Question 41

Bone remodeling is involved in

A) Bone growth and repair
B) Changes in bone shape
C) Adjustments of bone to stress
D) Calcium regulation
E) All of the choices are correct

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT true of a BMU (basic multicellular unit)?

A) It is made up of osteoblast and osteoclasts
B) Renews the entire skeleton every 5 years
C) Osteoclasts break down bone matrix forming a tunnel that becomes a new haversian canal
D) Osteoblasts lay down concentric lamellae in the tunnel created by the osteoclasts

Question 43

Mechanical stress on bone causes

A) New bone tissue to form
B) The bone to break
C) The bone to weaken
D) The bone to twist

Question 44

A broken bone that protrudes through the skin is a/an

A) Closed or compound fracture
B) Simple or compound fracture
C) Open or compound fracture
D) Complicated fracture

Question 45

When soft tissue around a closed fracture is damaged, the break is called a/an

A) Closed or compound fracture
B) Simple or compound fracture
C) Open or compound fracture
D) Complicated fracture

Question 46

A fracture of more than two pieces is a/an _____ fracture.

A) Impacted
B) Hairline
C) Comminuted
D) Spiral

Question 47

A fracture of one bone pushing into another with both bones breaking is a/an ______ fracture.

A) Impacted
B) Hairline
C) Comminuted
D) Spiral

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT true of osteoporosis?

A) Both organic and inorganic parts of the bone is lost, reducing total mass
B) Both men and women develop osteoporosis
C) Decreased estrogen production in postmenopausal women increases the occurrence of osteoporosis
D) Environmental factors have the most influence of development of osteoporosis

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a contributing cause of osteoporosis?

A) Little exercise or disuse
B) Low levels of vitamin D
C) Underproduction of parathyroid hormone
D) Genetic predisposition

Question 50

What is the correct order of bone repair steps?
1. Callus ossification
2. Hematoma formation
3. Callus formation
4. Bone remodeling

A) 4,2,3,1
B) 1,2,3,4
C) 2,3,1,4
D) 3,4,1,2

Question 51

In callus ossification, the internal and external calluses are replace by

A) Compact bone
B) Osteons
C) Woven, cancellous bone
D) Fibrous connective tissue

Question 52

The major regulator of blood calcium levels is

A) Parathyroid hormone
B) Vitamin D
C) Calcitonin
D) Growth hormone

Question 53

Which of the following does NOT occur when blood calcium levels decrease?

A) Secretion of PTH increases
B) Increased activity of osteoclasts
C) Increased intestinal uptake of calcium
D) Decreased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys

Question 54

Increased blood calcium levels causes the release of

A) Parathyroid hormone
B) Vitamin D
C) Calcitonin
D) Growth hormone

Question 55

Which of the following are effects of aging on the skeletal system?

A) Decreased collagen in the bone matrix makes bones brittle
B) Decreased bone mass
C) Loss of trabeculae
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 56

Ligaments are connective tissue that attach bones to bones.

Question 57

Chondrocytes are cell that produce the cartilage matrix.

Question 58

Cartilage is a very vascular tissue.

Question 59

The addition of new cartilage matrix on the surface of existing cartilage is called appositional growth.

Question 60

Bone without minerals becomes very brittle.

Question 61

Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption.

Question 62

Osteoclasts originate in the red bone marrow.

Question 63

Interstitial lamellae are found surrounding the central canal of an osteon.

Question 64

Blood vessels are usually found in the trabeculae of cancellous bone.

Question 65

Osteocytes in osteons have direct contact with a blood supply.

Question 66

In the fetus, all the marrow spaces are filled with red bone marrow.

Question 67

In adults, most of the marrow spaces are filled with red bone marrow.

Question 68

Short, flat and irregular bones have an internal structure of cancellous bone surrounded by a layer of compact bone.

Question 69

In both intramembranous and endochondral ossification, the first bone is formed is cancellous bone.

Question 70

In the process of endochondral ossification, cartilage cells change into bone cells,

Question 71

Bones can grow by interstitial growth.

Question 72

Articular cartilage growth does not include ossification.

Question 73

Both growth hormone and sex hormone affect bone growth.

Question 74

Testosterone causes a quicker closure of the epiphyseal plate than estrogens do.

Question 75

Both greenstick and hairline are types of incomplete bone fractures.

Question 76

Parathyroid hormone is more concerned with blood calcium levels than bone calcium levels.