Deck 11: Emotion

Question 1

Which of the following is not an emotion that infants a few days old can express?

A) Interest
B) Jealousy
C) Surprise
D) Disgust

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The _________ smile usually emerges around three months of age and plays a substantial role in initiating and maintaining interactions.

A) social
B) happy
C) waking-state
D) synchronous

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is not a method used to study the physiological functions associated with emotions?

A) PET
B) APEX
C) EEG
D) fMRI

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the newborn,most smiling occurs

A) during states of wakefulness.
B) as a result of gas.
C) during REM sleep.
D) in a social manner.

Question 5

A facial display of emotion represents the ________ component of emotions.

A) eliciting
B) expressive
C) experiential
D) physiological

Question 6

The shift from smiling as a reflexive behavior to a voluntary response coincides with the infant's developing ability to

A) convey basic emotional states.
B) initiate goal-directed behaviors.
C) incorporate crying into the communication system.
D) display complex emotions.

Question 7

When conducting experiments on the physiological component of emotions,one has to be very careful about interpreting the data because

A) the nervous system is not a reliable bodily system to test.
B) the physiological tests that measure the responses of the nervous system are not likely to accurately assess a person's physiological states.
C) the emotion that corresponds to a specific reaction in the nervous system is not always clear.
D) emotions are rarely thought to have a physiological component in today's research.

Question 8

Cognitive processes that act to bridge the gap between environmental stimuli and emotional expression are called

A) schemes.
B) mediators.
C) referents.
D) display rules.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a function of emotions?

A) Thermoregulation
B) Behavior regulation
C) Cognitive processing
D) Interpersonal interaction

Question 10

Research has shown that there are universal facial expressions for certain basic emotions that

A) are learned via socialization.
B) are specific to Western cultures.
C) many cultures cannot accurately identify.
D) are interpreted in similar ways across many cultures.

Question 11

Dr.Winslow believes that emotions are not elicited by the environment but that the child relies on mental processes to assess an event,compare it with past events,and decide a course of action based on the social rules surrounding the event.Dr.Winslow is most likely a _________ theorist.

A) biological
B) learning
C) cognitive-socialization
D) behavioral ethology

Question 12

A mood is a(n)

A) physiological response to environmental events.
B) transient change in expressive behavior.
C) enduring emotional state.
D) bridge between an environmental event and an emotion.

Question 13

When Susanna encountered a large spider for the first time,her negative reaction was influenced by her knowledge that some spiders have dangerous bites.This interpretation of an emotional reaction supports a ________ explanation of emotional development.

A) learning
B) biological
C) cognitive-socialization
D) behavioristic

Question 14

The ________ component of emotions involves the subjective feeling or cognitive judgment of experiencing an emotion.

A) expressive
B) cerebral
C) experiential
D) declarative

Question 15

Dr.Salk studies the biological nature of emotional development.If Dr.Salk believes that disgust is an innate emotion,he likely believes that the expression of disgust

A) serves little adaptive function.
B) serves to convey an important adaptive message to the caregiver.
C) is independent of other emotions.
D) will differ across cultures,infants,and caregivers.

Question 16

Much of the groundwork for emotional development

A) occurs prenatally.
B) occurs during the first and second years of life.
C) does not occur until the fourth or fifth year of life.
D) does not occur until the child enters school.

Question 17

Dr.Garofoli believes that emotions should not be conceptualized as entities,but rather as processes embedded in social interactions.Dr.Garofoli likely subscribes to the view of emotion as

A) part of a social context.
B) a biological phenomenon.
C) a culturally universal phenomenon.
D) a social-cognitive learning process.

Question 18

Smiling and crying

A) are different physiological states that show little impact on emotional development.
B) are both voluntarily controlled at birth.
C) change and develop independently from the maturation of the cerebral cortex.
D) both promote contact with a caregiver.

Question 19

Discrete facial expressions that occur early in infancy are called basic emotions because they

A) are the emotions that are most easily identified by experimenters who study emotion.
B) constitute a set of emotions that appear to be biologically determined.
C) are the simplest and first emotions the infant learns.
D) are the emotions first identified by caregivers.

Question 20

________ are complex behaviors involving physiological,expressive,and experiential components produced in response to some external or internal event.

A) Moods
B) Emotions
C) Attachments
D) Expressions

Question 21

Which of the following is not true concerning infants of depressed mothers?

A) These infants show brain wave patterns similar to those of depressed adults.
B) These infants' negative affect extends to other adults.
C) These infants are unlikely to suffer any cognitive or social problems later in development.
D) These infants tend to display poorer quality attachments than infants whose mothers display normal affect.

Question 22

Research indicates that children are more liked by their peers if they have substantial knowledge about the emotions they experience.The likely reason for this is that these children

A) rarely display their emotions when in the presence of their peers.
B) may have learned to respond appropriately to the emotional expressions of their peers.
C) have learned to control their negative emotions.
D) display more emotions than most of their peers.

Question 23

Children begin to become verbally proficient in describing the causes and consequences of emotions at about three or four years of age.All but which of the following is true concerning this emotional advancement?

A) Around this time,children tend to agree that receiving a compliment leads to happy emotions.
B) Around this time,children tend to agree that being called a name leads to a negative feeling.
C) Around this time,children begin to center their concepts of emotions on internal psychological states.
D) Around this time,children can offer suggestions for ameliorating another person's negative emotions.

Question 24

Approximately 70 percent of all infant-caregiver interactions are _________ and play an important role in normal emotional development.

A) synchronous
B) asynchronous
C) negative
D) positive

Question 25

Studies of the ability of infants to respond to other people's emotional expressions have found that

A) infants as young as three days of age are able to imitate several facial expressions modeled by an adult.
B) two-week-old infants can discriminate the emotional displays of others but cannot yet imitate them.
C) the ability to discriminate among different emotions emerges at about three months of age.
D) adult observers are unable to identify the facial expressions that young infants are attempting to imitate.

Question 26

Researchers have shown that by _________ of age,infants are able to distinguish among several expressions,particularly happiness as opposed to anger,surprise,and sadness.

A) one year
B) three to four months
C) two to four weeks
D) six days

Question 27

Eight-month-old Amber threw her favorite toy out of the playpen and began to cry,but her mother was not responding.Amber paused,looked across the room at her mother,and began to cry again when her mother looked at her.Amber is likely

A) an abused child.
B) a preterm child.
C) using the fussy cry to manipulate her mother's behavior.
D) unaware that her mother cannot see her toy.

Question 28

Two-year-old Jessie became upset when her mother kissed her baby brother,so Jessie hit him.Jessie is displaying the self-conscious emotion of

A) disgust.
B) shame.
C) jealousy.
D) anger.

Question 29

Emotional display rules

A) are cognitive structures that permit children to understand complex emotions.
B) describe the use of emotions that center on internal physiological states.
C) are cultural guidelines about when,how,and to what degree to display emotions.
D) describe the methods by which researchers study emotional expression in infants and children.

Question 30

Which of the following cries emitted by infants emerges last and is not purely related to physiological states?

A) Pain cry
B) Fussy cry
C) Basic cry
D) Angry cry

Question 31

As the child's cognitive skills and social awareness grow,she expresses _________ self-conscious emotions and _________ controlled basic emotions.

A) fewer;more
B) more;fewer
C) fewer;fewer
D) more;more

Question 32

To be able to show complex emotions,such as shame,guilt,or envy,the child must

A) be at least four years of age.
B) know and understand the words for shame,guilt,and envy.
C) be an adolescent.
D) be able to understand the perspective of another person.

Question 33

Which of the following is not true regarding children who have substantial knowledge about the emotions that accompany given situations?

A) They tend to score higher on tests of moral development.
B) They are more likely to evidence behavioral problems.
C) They are more likely to respond appropriately to the emotional expressions of others.
D) They are better liked by their peers.

Question 34

Which of the following is not considered a complex emotion?

A) Anger
B) Envy
C) Guilt
D) Shame

Question 35

Individual differences in the crying patterns of infants are

A) common and should not be considered a problem.
B) a sign of a healthy infant.
C) not useful in diagnosing developmental abnormalities.
D) useful in diagnosing developmental abnormalities.

Question 36

From the age of three or four years,children

A) start to hide their emotions.
B) become verbally proficient in describing emotions.
C) begin to use display rules.
D) understand the cultural rules for displays of emotions.

Question 37

Children begin to use language to express their feelings

A) shortly after they begin to talk.
B) after they begin to form complete sentences.
C) when they enter daycare or preschool.
D) long after they acquire the words for feelings.

Question 38

Episodes of reciprocal,mutually engaging cycles of caregiver-child behaviors are called

A) mediation.
B) attachment.
C) social referencing.
D) interactive synchrony.

Question 39

Taylor's mother discusses and explains emotions to her children on a regular basis,making sure that they understand why their reactions are or are not appropriate in certain situations.Taylor and her siblings will likely

A) develop conduct disorders.
B) have a difficult time acquiring display rules.
C) have greater knowledge about emotions.
D) become emotionally introverted.

Question 40

Nema,who is ten,responded,"This apple pie is delicious," when her grandmother asked her to try a piece of the pie.Nema,however,dislikes apple pie and was just trying to be polite to her grandmother.Nema's response indicates that she has

A) learned to use emotional display rules.
B) learned to engage in interactive synchrony.
C) learned to use social referencing in her interactions with others.
D) developed an ambivalent attachment with her grandmother.

Question 41

Christy tends to have a negative mood and high-intensity reactions,withdraw from new stimuli,and have trouble with new routines.Christy can be described as a child with a(n)________ temperament.

A) easy
B) fussy
C) difficult
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 42

Which of the following statements regarding emotion regulation is not true?

A) Emotion regulation has its roots in infancy.
B) Specific emotions,such as fear,may cause specific regulatory behaviors.
C) When children learn to use language to express their emotions,intense emotional outbursts accompanying these expressions usually decrease.
D) Young children cannot use distraction as a way of regulating their own emotions.

Question 43

In terms of emotional regulation development,parental behaviors ________ their children's tendencies.

A) shape
B) react to
C) shape and react to
D) are independent of

Question 44

Adolescents who develop and use ineffective emotion-regulation strategies are more prone to

A) internalize their emotions.
B) externalize their emotions.
C) internalize and externalize their emotions.
D) neutralize their emotions.

Question 45

Parents and their adolescents often express increased negative emotions toward each other.These interaction involve mutually reflective influences,meaning parents and their children are involved in mutually

A) aggressive and negative behavior.
B) passive and neutral behavior
C) distancing themselves emotionally.
D) influencing spirals of interaction.

Question 46

Dr.Gleeson is preparing to study the effects how adolescents cope with stress.For the study to be meaningful,it is important to establish a(n)

A) physiological response.
B) emotional context.
C) neurological state.
D) biological feedback.

Question 47

Infants who show wariness and fearfulness when they encounter unfamiliar people,objects,or events are said to be ________,whereas infants who approach novelty with interest and spontaneity are said to be _________.

A) disengaged;engaged
B) engaged;disengaged
C) inhibited;disinhibited
D) disinhibited;inhibited

Question 48

One group of researchers conducted a study on adolescent emotions by paging fifth- through ninth-graders at various times during the day and asking for a description of their moods at that moment.They also collected questionnaires and found that the older children expressed more negative emotions associated with

A) a lack of sleep.
B) negative life events.
C) their physical appearance.
D) their dietary intake.

Question 49

Adolescents cognitive advances make it possible for them to consider multiple sides of a problem and express

A) conflicting emotions.
B) negative emotions.
C) positive emotions.
D) neutral emotions.

Question 50

Emotional development in older children is closely affiliated with advances in cognition that

A) appear to have the same brain wave patterns as the primary emotions.
B) appear to have the same brain wave patterns as the complex emotions.
C) allow them to think in more complex,abstract terms.
D) allow them to associate emotions with situations rather than with internal psychological states.

Question 51

Recent research on emotions during adolescence suggests that

A) there is no increase in negative emotions until adulthood.
B) adolescents do experience more negative emotions than children of other ages.
C) contrary to popular belief,adolescents experience negative emotions less than children of other ages.
D) contrary to popular belief,adolescents experience negative emotions in amounts similar to children of other ages.

Question 52

Which of the following statements regarding emotion regulation is not true?

A) Girls tend to express more negative emotions than boys do.
B) Infants who have difficulty regulating their emotions at six months of age are more likely to be noncompliant children later on.
C) Preschoolers who have trouble with anger and emotion regulation display poor social competence later on.
D) The inability to regulate negative emotions is part of the behavioral profile of children with conduct disorders.

Question 53

________ refers to a child's persistent behavioral style and includes the intensity of expressed moods,distractibility,and adaptability.

A) Emotion
B) Disposition
C) Attachment
D) Temperament

Question 54

As children approach their adolescent years,their verbal descriptions of their emotions shift from concerns with

A) basic factors to complex factors.
B) social factors to internal psychological factors.
C) situational factors to internal psychological factors.
D) internal psychological factors to situational factors.

Question 55

An increasingly popular conceptualization of temperament classifies infants according to _________,or how easily they become aroused,and _________,or the ability to adjust one's level of arousal.

A) self-regulation;reactivity
B) inhibition;display rules
C) disinhibition;display rules
D) reactivity;self-regulation

Question 56

Geraldo tends to have a negative mood and low levels of activity.He tends to withdraw from new stimuli but,with repeated exposure,will tend to show interest.Geraldo can be described as a child with a(n)________ temperament.

A) easy
B) fussy
C) difficult
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 57

Development of emotion regulation seems to be linked to ________ in specific areas of the brain.

A) slower dendrite connections
B) greater neural activity
C) less cortex firing
D) faster parietal spacing

Question 58

Which of the following strategies is NOT an active attempt on the part of adolescents to resolve their feelings?

A) Acceptance
B) Rumination
C) Distraction
D) Positive thinking

Question 59

Researchers have been cautioned about rigidly defining temperament according to the behavioral patterns of Western infants.The fact that Japanese mothers tend to report unique qualities in their infants,such as self-assertiveness,suggests that

A) there may be racial differences in temperament.
B) Asian infants are more precocious than American infants.
C) there may be cultural differences in parental expectations of temperament.
D) cultural dictates in parenting styles have little or no effect on a child's temperament.

Question 60

The emotional style that results in behavioral manifestations,such as aggression or temper tantrums,is referred to as

A) internalizing.
B) externalizing.
C) negatizing.
D) neutralizing.

Question 61

In the attachment experiments conducted by Harry Harlow,the infant monkeys spent more time with the surrogate mother.Further,when the infant monkeys were frightened by an aversive stimulus,they were likely to run to the surrogate that

A) had cloth on it and provided food.
B) had cloth on it,regardless of whether it provided food.
C) was made of wire and provided food.
D) was made of wire,regardless of whether it provided food.

Question 62

The strong emotional bond that exists between infants and caregivers is called

A) bonding.
B) attachment.
C) synchrony.
D) temperament.

Question 63

Brent is ten months old.When his mother leaves,Brent with Grandma so that she can go to her part-time job,Brent cries.Brent is displaying

A) signaling behavior.
B) display rules.
C) separation anxiety.
D) stranger protest.

Question 64

Gizela,while visiting her sister and her newborn nephew,could not help but pick up the baby when he began to cry.According to Bowlby,the baby's crying is an example of a(n)

A) signaling behavior.
B) social reference.
C) conditioned emotional response.
D) ambivalent attachment.

Question 65

Luka has been with the baby-sitter all day.When his mother enters the room,he displays a fit of anger and pushes her away when she attempts to hug and kiss him hello.Ainsworth would characterize Luka as

A) having ambivalent attachment.
B) having avoidant attachment.
C) mildly attached.
D) autistic.

Question 66

The Strange Situation is a standardized task administered

A) in the laboratory to determine sex differences in emotional expressions.
B) in the laboratory to measure the quality of attachment.
C) in the child's home to measure the quality of attachment.
D) in the child's home to determine sex differences in emotional expressions.

Question 67

Studies indicate that early styles of temperament

A) are relatively stable and may have far-reaching implications for cognitive and social functioning later in life.
B) are fairly unstable and are predictive only of parent-child relations until the children reach about six years of age.
C) have no predictive power.
D) are good predictors of child behavior until children enter school.

Question 68

Girls tend to employ _________ strategies for coping,whereas boys tend to engage in _________ behaviors,such as aggression.

A) inhibiting;disinhibiting
B) disinhibiting;inhibiting
C) internalizing;externalizing
D) externalizing;internalizing

Question 69

The Q-sort is

A) the latest theory of temperament.
B) the latest method used to identify abused children.
C) a newer method for measuring emotional expressions in young infants.
D) a newer method for measuring patterns of attachment between mothers and their infants.

Question 70

After studying the mother-child interactions during the first year of life in a particular group of infants,Ainsworth and her team tested these infants in the Strange Situation.The results suggested that

A) true attachments form only between the child and his or her mother.
B) the form of the attachment is completely dependent on the child's temperament.
C) attachment and temperament are inseparable terms.
D) the mother's parenting style plays a crucial role in the development of attachment.

Question 71

Which of the following statements regarding cross-cultural differences in emotions is true?

A) The tendency to express and detect emotions varies as a function of culture.
B) Cross-cultural differences in emotion reflect the child's incorporation of particular cultural beliefs about emotion.
C) Chinese children are better at detecting fearfulness and sadness than American children are.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 72

Maurice is never very distressed when his mother leaves him with the baby-sitter,nor does he exhibit an enthusiastic greeting when she returns.Maurice usually continues to do whatever he is doing when his mother enters the room.Ainsworth would characterize Maurice as having a(n)________ attachment.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) unresponsive

Question 73

Which of the following is not true regarding gender differences in emotion?

A) Girls tend to show more positive emotions than boys within the first six months of life.
B) Girls show less anxiety than boys about tests and family issues.
C) Girls smile more than boys during adolescence.
D) Girls are better at decoding the emotional expressions of others.

Question 74

Camille was frightened during the storm and clung to her mother when the lightning and thunder were "big." According to Harry Harlow,Camille was seeking

A) a surrogate mother.
B) contact comfort.
C) primary reinforcement.
D) secondary reinforcement.

Question 75

Which of the following statements regarding paternal involvement and attachment is not true?

A) In general,fathers spend just as much time interacting with and caring for their children as mothers do.
B) Infants show signs of protest and use the father as a secure base for explorations when the father is involved in the Strange Situation procedure.
C) Infants show clear signs of attachment to their fathers.
D) All of these are true.

Question 76

Which of the following is not true concerning children who were labeled as securely attached infants?

A) They were more enthusiastic and compliant with their mothers' suggestions in problem-solving tasks.
B) They engaged in less symbolic play than children who were labeled as insecurely attached.
C) They showed advantages in cognitive reasoning well into the middle school and adolescent years.
D) They evidenced stronger signs of "ego resiliency."

Question 77

Which of the following is not true of parent-child interactions that may be linked to gender differences in emotion?

A) Mothers and fathers spend more time trying to get their infant sons to smile than their infant daughters.
B) Mothers are more facially expressive when they play with their two-year-old daughters than with their two-year-old sons.
C) Parents tend to expose their daughters to a wider range of emotions than their sons.
D) Parents tend to encourage girls to maintain close emotional relationships whereas they encourage their sons to control their emotions.

Question 78

According to learning theory,mothers become reinforcing stimuli to their infants because they have been associated with food,which is the ________.This means that mothers are the _______.

A) primary reinforcer;secondary reinforcers
B) secondary reinforcer;primary reinforcers
C) nourishment;source of contact comfort
D) biological need;primary reinforcers

Question 79

Which of the following is not one of the three patterns of attachment identified by Mary Ainsworth and her associates?

A) Avoidant pattern
B) Ambivalent pattern
C) Unattached pattern
D) Secure pattern

Question 80

When Genevieve leaves the room for a few minutes,her two-year-old son Gene cries and is difficult to calm.When Genevieve returns,Gene runs to her to hug her and welcome her back.Gene's attachment to his mother is most likely

A) avoidant.
B) ambivalent.
C) secure.
D) insecure.