Deck 11: Stereotype, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

The beliefs we hold that associate groups of people with certain traits are known as

A) stereotypes.
B) prejudice.
C) cognitive typing.
D) discrimination.

Answer 1

stereotypes.

Question 2

The hostile or negative feelings we hold for certain people based on their membership in a certain group are known as

A) stereotypes.
B) prejudice.
C) cognitive typing.
D) discrimination.

Answer 2

prejudice.

Question 3

Behaviour directed against persons only because of their membership in a particular group, is known as

A) stereotypes.
B) prejudice.
C) cognitive typing.
D) discrimination.

Answer 3

discrimination.

Question 4

Fein & Spencer (1997) asked research participants to evaluate a job candidate based on resume, picture, and videotaped interview. By the candidate's name, research participants would view the candidate as either Italian or Jewish. Some of the participants received positive feedback just prior to the evaluation and others received negative feedback. Those who received negative feedback

A) rated the Jewish candidate more severely and experienced an increase in self esteem after the evaluation.
B) rated the Italian candidate more severely and experienced an increase in self esteem after the evaluation.
C) rated the Jewish candidate more severely and continued to demonstrate lower self esteem after the evaluation.
D) rated both candidates about equally but had an increase in self-esteem after the evaluation.

Question 5

When Jordan et al. (2005) examined the relationship between self-esteem and expression of prejudice, who was likely to show prejudiced behaviour?

A) All participants, regardless of level of self-esteem, expressed prejudice.
B) Participants with high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem expressed prejudice.
C) Participants with low explicit self-esteem and high implicit self-esteem expressed prejudice.
D) Participants with low explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem expressed prejudice.

Question 6

When we believe that other people agree with the stereotypes that we hold

A) our self-esteem is increased.
B) we are more likely to discriminate against people who fit the stereotype.
C) we are more likely to express these stereotypes in public.
D) the strength of the stereotypes is increased, making them more resistant to change.

Question 7

Which of the following is not an example of prejudice through social learning principles?

A) receiving a reward or punishment for expressing prejudicial attitudes
B) children watching and modelling parental prejudicial behaviours
C) cognitive processes such as categorization of people into groups
D) modelling by peers

Question 8

People have a tendency to classify people into two groups based on some common attribute in a process known as

A) social comparison.
B) social categorization.
C) social prejudice.
D) social typing.

Question 9

Kara views the women that belong to other sororities as being very similar to each other, while she acknowledges the diversity of women in her own sorority. This is an example of

A) social comparison.
B) in-group favouritism.
C) outgroup homogeneity effect.
D) in-group - outgroup bias.

Question 10

Izak noted that on Star Trek, only the humans are depicted as having multiple cultures and diversity, while all of the alien species are depicted as having a single culture. Remembering his social psychology class, Izak noted that this was an example of

A) in-group - outgroup bias.
B) outgroup homogeneity effect.
C) in-group favouritism.
D) social comparison.

Question 11

Errors in cross-ethnic identification in criminal justice cases may be based on the principles of

A) outgroup homogeneity effect.
B) in-group favouritism.
C) social comparison.
D) in-group - out- group bias.

Question 12

All of the following may be explanations for errors in cross-ethnic identification in criminal justice cases except

A) people may engage in deeper processing when seeing someone from the same ethnicity than someone from a different ethnicity.
B) people who are exposed to a threat of violence are distracted from the facial identification.
C) outgroup homogeneity effect based on ethnicity.
D) familiarity with people of the same ethnicity.

Question 13

People tend to discriminate in favour of the category to which they belong, regardless of the criteria for the category. This tendency is referred to as

A) social comparison.
B) in-group - outgroup bias.
C) outgroup homogeneity effect.
D) in-group favouritism.

Question 14

While watching the Olympics, Fabian noted that the American athletes were all sore losers, while he excused some bad behaviour of his own Canadian team members. Fabian is demonstrating

A) in-group - outgroup bias.
B) in-group favouritism.
C) social comparison.
D) outgroup homogeneity effect.

Question 15

In which condition is in-group favouritism not likely to occur?

A) when people heavily identify with their in-group
B) presence of at least three other group members
C) self-interest
D) high level of social dominance orientation

Question 16

This personality variable refers to the extent that one wants his or her in-group to dominate and be superior to outgroups. This variable is referred to as

A) social comparison.
B) social favouritism orientation.
C) social homogeneity orientation.
D) social dominance orientation.

Question 17

Which of the following is not an example of a cognitive bias that produces faulty problem solving?

A) illusory correlation
B) perceptual confirmation
C) availability heuristic
D) contrast effect

Question 18

All of the following are cognitive biases that produce faulty problem solving, except

A) ultimate attribution error.
B) contrast effect.
C) perceptual confirmation.
D) representativeness heuristic.

Question 19

An over-estimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated is referred to as

A) tokenism.
B) ultimate attribution error.
C) illusory correlation.
D) contrast effect.

Question 20

In Jack's company, several women have left their jobs after becoming pregnant. When Jack heard that Diane was pregnant he decided not to put her on the list of candidates for promotion. This is an example of

A) illusory correlation.
B) tokenism.
C) contrast effect.
D) ultimate attribution error.

Question 21

When people consistently make dispositional attributions for negative behaviour for those in the outgroup and situational attributions for the same behaviour committed by a member of the in-group, this is defined as

A) illusory correlation.
B) ultimate attribution error.
C) contrast effect.
D) in-group favouritism.

Question 22

One reason why we make dispositional attributions for negative behaviour for those in the outgroup and situational attributions for the same behaviour committed by a member of the in-group is our

A) reliance on illusory correlations.
B) lack of self-awareness.
C) belief in a just world.
D) social dominance orientation.

Question 23

Olivia suggested that women are hired for their achievements; men for their potential. Jack suggests that black men have to work twice as hard to get half as much credit. Both of these are examples of the consequences of

A) illusory correlations.
B) tokenism.
C) contrast effect.
D) ultimate attribution error.

Question 24

Which model suggests that people within a group are more likely to be compared to others within that group than to people in other groups?

A) outgroup homogeneity model
B) realistic conflict model
C) moving target model
D) shifting standards model

Question 25

People remember certain information about a person that is consistent with their expectations, which may lead to stereotyping through

A) perceptual confirmation.
B) ultimate attribution error.
C) contrast effect.
D) illusory correlation.

Question 26

In an experiment by Darley & Gross (1983), research participants were given information about a child's background (poor or rich background). Half of the group then watched a video of the child answering some academic questions, with inconsistent performance. Those with negative expectations, based on the child's background, rated her lower on work habits, motivation, and cognitive skills; those with positive expectations rated her higher on those variables, demonstrating

A) perceptual confirmation.
B) illusory correlation.
C) ultimate attribution error.
D) confirmation bias.

Question 27

When you meet someone for the first time, you probably make conversation and ask questions that are consistent with your view of that person and you will ignore any information that contradicts your view; a bias referred to as

A) perceptual bias.
B) illusory bias.
C) confirmation bias.
D) dominance bias.

Question 28

Which of the following is not a way in which psychologists assess stereotypes?

A) naturalistic observation
B) self-report measures
C) Implicit Association Test
D) bogus pipeline

Question 29

All of the following are strengths of using self-report measures for assessing stereotypes, except

A) it is a direct approach.
B) it is cost-effective.
C) questionnaires are easy to develop.
D) you can assess many people relatively quickly.

Question 30

Which of the following is true regarding the use of self-report measures for assessing stereotypes?

A) People may purposefully misrepresent their feelings.
B) People can be assessed in a relatively short period of time.
C) People may not be self-aware of their feelings.
D) People may be reluctant to admit any stereotypes.

Question 31

One method of assessing stereotypes is to connect people to a "fake lie detector." When people believe the mechanical device has the ability to falsify information, people are more likely to give honest answers; a method known as

A) disconfirmation line.
B) bogus pipeline.
C) fake polygraph.
D) nonsense line.

Question 32

A covert measure is based on the assumption that one would respond faster to concepts closely associated rather than those weakly associated. The measure is known as

A) bogus pipeline.
B) Implicit Association Test (IAT).
C) Thematic Association Test (TAT).
D) projective tests.

Question 33

Beliefs that associate a whole group with certain traits are called

A) prejudice.
B) categorization.
C) stereotypes.
D) discrimination.

Question 34

Which of the following makes stereotypes more resistant to change?

A) thoughtful discussion about the evidence for and against those stereotypes
B) believing that other people agree with those stereotypes
C) public censure of those stereotypes
D) all of these

Question 35

Clara goes to a summer camp and meets a new group of girls. When they all get talking about their summer vacations, Clara discovers that two of the girls regularly vacation in Kelowna, where she also vacations, but the other three girls do not. Clara begins to really like the girls who vacation in Kelowna more than the other girls. Clara is engaging in

A) relative deprivation.
B) social categorization.
C) modern racism.
D) stereotyping.

Question 36

According to the outgroup homogeneity effect, outgroup members are to ______________ as in-group members are to _____________.

A) diverse; similar
B) thoughtful; outgoing
C) similar; diverse
D) likable; unlikable

Question 37

Which of the following is false about cross-ethnic identification?

A) People are more accurate at recognizing faces of their own ethnicity.
B) People engage in deeper processing when seeing a person from the same ethnicity than someone from a different ethnicity.
C) People tend to see outgroup members as looking very similar to one another.
D) Cross-ethnic identification bias is not a problem in eyewitness testimony in the legal system.

Question 38

According to the ultimate attribution error, we tend to make ____________ attributions for negative behaviour by an outgroup member and ____________ attributions negative behaviour by an in-group member.

A) dispositional; situational
B) thoughtful; biased
C) situational; dispositional
D) external; internal

Question 39

Shawna wins the state's "Senior of the Year" award. Kayla is a member of the rival high school across town. What is Kayla likely to think of Shawna after hearing about her win?

A) Shawna must know someone on the award committee.
B) Shawna is pretty intelligent.
C) Shawna must have a good personality.
D) All of these

Question 40

_______________ refers to the tendency to see things in line with one's own beliefs and expectations.

A) Relative deprivation
B) Perceptual confirmation
C) Prejudice
D) Illusory correlation

Question 41

Mario, who lives in the suburbs, believes that people who live in the city are all rich, high-class snobs. When he meets Carrie at a party and learns that she lives in the city he asks her, "So, do you summer at a cabin on the lake?" and "What private school do you go to?" He doesn't ask her much else. What is Mario mainly demonstrating?

A) belief in a just world
B) illusory correlation
C) the ultimate attribution error
D) a confirmation bias

Question 42

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a(n) __________ method of testing stereotypes.

A) covert
B) open-ended
C) interview-based
D) overt

Question 43

Believing that other people agree with our stereotypes increases their strength and accessibility.

Question 44

Those high in social dominance orientation are more likely to have lower prejudicial views about lower-status groups.

Question 45

As a result of the ultimate attribution error and the belief in a just world, people often become involved in scapegoating and blaming the victim.

Question 46

Beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain traits are known as _________.

Question 47

Hostile or negative feelings about people based on their membership to a certain group are known as ___________.

Question 48

Behaviour directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group is known as

Question 49

The tendency for individuals to classify people into groups on the basis of common attributes, namely, into in-groups and outgroups, is known as _________ __________.

Question 50

People's tendency to underestimate the variability of outgroup members compared to the variability of in-group members is known as ____________ __________ effect.

Question 51

The tendency to discriminate in favour of those in your in-group versus your outgroup is known as ____________ _____________.

Question 52

A personality variable that refers to the extent to which one wants his or her in-group to dominate and be superior to outgroups is referred to as _______ _______ orientation.

Question 53

An over estimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated is known as _______ _______.

Question 54

An error in which people make dispositional attributions for negative behaviour and situational attributions for positive behaviours by outgroup members, yet show the reverse attributions for successes and failure for in-group members is known as _________ _________ _________.

Question 55

We assume bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people in the phenomenon known as _______ ______ _______ _______ _______.

Question 56

The tendency to see things in line with your expectations is known as _______ _______.

Question 57

The tendency to search for information that supports one's initial view is known as the _______ _______.

Question 58

This mechanical device has no ability to discern false information, but when used to assess stereotypes, the person being assessed is more likely to provide true information because they believe it can detect deception. The covert measure is known as

Question 59

People's expectations can lead them to interact with others in ways that will elicit the expected behaviour; a process referred to as

A) jigsaw classroom.
B) self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) stereotyping.
D) confirmation bias.

Question 60

The apprehension a minority group member experiences when they believe they may act in a way that confirms existing cultural stereotypes; a negative consequence of stereotyping referred to as

A) stereotype confirmation.
B) confirmation bias.
C) stereotype consequences.
D) stereotype threat.

Question 61

The commonly held assumption that women do not perform as well on math tests as men, may affect women's performance on a math assessment when they are told they are taking a diagnostic assessment; an example of

A) stereotype threat.
B) stereotype bias.
C) stereotype confirmation.
D) confirmation bias.

Question 62

In a study by Shih et al. (1999), Asian American female students had either their Asian or female identity made salient, then wrote a math test. What were the findings of the study?

A) In both conditions, the women scored poorly on the test.
B) In both conditions, the women scored equally well on the test.
C) When their Asian identity was made salient, women scored well on the test.
D) When their female identity was made salient, women scored well on the test

Question 63

Based on the study by Spencer et al. (1999), if we want to reduce the effects of gender-based stereotype threat about women's math ability, what should we do?

A) Increase the women's self-esteem in other academic areas.
B) Give extra tutoring in math to women.
C) Bring in positive role models for women, such as female engineers or mathematicians.
D) Indicate the math test has not shown gender differences in the past.

Question 64

According to Sekaqueptewa and Thompson (2002), what is likely to happen to your performance if you are the only person of your gender in a group?

A) Being the token member of a group IMPAIRS performance, regardless of gender.
B) Being the token member of a group impairs performance for women, but does not affect men's performance.
C) Being the token member of a group impairs performance for men, but does not affect women's performance.
D) Being the token member of a group IMPROVES performance, regardless of gender.

Question 65

If you are the only person of your gender or ethnicity in a group, stereotype threat may be activated for all of the following reasons, except

A) you experience loss of self-esteem.
B) you become self-conscious.
C) you feel a responsibility to represent your group.
D) you experience evaluation apprehension.

Question 66

Which of the following is not a reason why stereotype threat leads to decreased performance?

A) lower working memory capacity
B) activation of brain area that regulates emotions
C) increased production of the neurotransmitter serotonin
D) increased anxiety

Question 67

Perceiving prejudice and discrimination against oneself negatively impacts psychological well-being, according to the

A) prejudice-attribution model.
B) rejection-identification model.
C) outgroup rejection model.
D) rejection-dominance model.

Question 68

All of the following are recommendations to avoid the negative effects of prejudice, except

A) members of low-status groups make comparisons with in-group as opposed to outgroup.
B) separate feelings about the self and negative feedback.
C) increase your identification with the in-group, particularly for those in low-status groups.
D) when you perceive discrimination played a role in your failure, share that privately with in-group members.

Question 69

Showing preferential treatment to those in stereotyped groups is known as

A) stereotyped discrimination.
B) preferential prejudice.
C) reverse discrimination.
D) backward prejudice.

Question 70

If a company used a different standard for employment for members of minority groups or women, such as lowering the score necessary on an exam, this would be an example of

A) backward prejudice.
B) reverse discrimination.
C) preferential prejudice.
D) stereotyped discrimination.

Question 71

Recent research suggests that stereotypes consist of two dimensions:

A) competence and warmth.
B) experience and warmth.
C) competence and experience.
D) experience and communication.

Question 72

According to the model created by Fiske, et al. (2002), we treat high-status groups (e.g. rich people) as

A) high competence, high warmth.
B) high competence, low warmth.
C) low competence, high warmth.
D) low competence, low warmth.

Question 73

According to the model created by Fiske et al. (2002), we treat very low status groups (e.g. homeless people) as

A) high competence, high warmth.
B) high competence, low warmth.
C) low competence, high warmth.
D) low competence, low warmth.

Question 74

Simply thinking about people we would classify in the very low status groups (e.g. homeless people), according to the model created by Fiske et al. (2002), we experience

A) pity.
B) shame.
C) disgust.
D) embarrassment.

Question 75

According to Glick & Fiske (1996, 2001), a feeling of hostility toward women based on their threat to men's power is referred to as

A) blatant sexism.
B) hostile sexism.
C) threatening sexism.
D) power sexism.

Question 76

According to Glick & Fiske (1996, 2001), a view of women as needing protection and affection is known as

A) nurturing sexism.
B) eros sexism.
C) benevolent sexism.
D) maternal sexism.

Question 77

What is the third step in the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A) You see the target's behaviour as confirming your expectations.
B) You have an expectation about a target person.
C) You behave toward the target person in line with your expectations.
D) The target person responds in line with your expectations.

Question 78

Eliot is told that he is about to take a test on emotional intelligence which men typically score poorly on. Eliot is likely to experience ______________ in this situation.

A) the ultimate attribution error
B) an illusory correlation
C) stereotype threat
D) all of these

Question 79

In which of the following situations have stereotype threat effects on performance been found by researchers?

A) Latino men and women taking a math test
B) low SES children taking a general intellectual test
C) White men taking a math test, where they know that their results will be compared to Asian men
D) all of these

Question 80

According to research by Shih et al. (1999), priming which aspect of an Asian woman's identity causes poorer performance on a math test?

A) Asian identity
B) college identity
C) female identity
D) both a and c.