Deck 19: Population and Urbanization

Question 1

__________ is the potential number of children who could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity.

A) Reproduction
B) Fecundity
C) Fertility
D) Fruitfulness

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Many sociological studies use __________ analysis as a component of
The research design because all aspects of social life are affected by it.
For example,an important relationship exists between population size and
The availability of food,water,energy,and housing.

A) ecological
B) economical
C) demographic
D) graphical

Answer 2

C

Question 3

__________ is a subfield of sociology that examines population size,composition,and distribution.

A) Social ecology
B) Demography
C) Social psychology
D) Social dynamics

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The simplest measure of mortality is the __________ rate.

A) crude death
B) total death
C) death quota
D) refined death

Question 5

By the year 2025,__________ percent of the world's population will live in Africa,Asia,and Latin America.

A) 67
B) 75
C) 83
D) 92

Question 6

__________ is the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population.

A) Reproduction
B) Fecundity
C) Fertility
D) Fruitfulness

Question 7

The __________ refers to the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

A) underage mortality rate
B) infant mortality rate
C) child death index
D) infant death quotient

Question 8

In 2010,the crude birth rate in the United States was __________,as compared with an all-time high rate of 27.0 per 1,000 in 1947 (following World War II).

A) 5.3 per 1,000
B) 10.4 per 1,000
C) 13.83 per 1,000
D) 17.6 per 1,000

Question 9

The most basic measure of fertility is the __________ rate.

A) total fertility
B) age-specific birth
C) crude birth
D) non-refined fertility

Question 10

Although population growth has slowed in the United States,the world's population of 6.9 billion in 2011 is increasing by __________people each day as a result of the larger number of births than deaths worldwide.

A) 22
B) 460
C) 52,495
D) 209,416

Question 11

In 2011,the U.S.infant mortality rate for male infants was __________ live births,as compared with __________ live births for female infants.

A) 6.7 per 1,000; 5.3 per 1,000
B) 9.9 per 1,000; 8.7 per 1,000
C) 3.2 per 1,000; 19.4 per 1,000
D) 8.1 per 1,000; 7.4 per 1,000

Question 12

The level of fertility in a society is based on biological and social factors,the primary biological factor being:

A) the general health and nutrition of the women
B) the roles available to women in a society
C) the prevalent viewpoint regarding what constitutes the "ideal" family size
D) the number of women of childbearing age

Question 13

Changes in population occur as a result of three processes.All of the following processes are involved EXCEPT:

A) fertility
B) mortality
C) social pathology
D) migration

Question 14

The __________ is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

A) total fertility rate
B) crude birth rate
C) age-specific rate
D) non-refined fertility

Question 15

The __________ is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

A) total death rate
B) crude death rate
C) death quota rate
D) refined death rate

Question 16

In 2010,the U.S.crude death rate was __________ per 1,000.

A) 8.38
B) 9.14
C) 12.35
D) 18.27

Question 17

As used by demographers,a __________ is a group of people who live in a specified geographic area.

A) society
B) culture
C) sect
D) population

Question 18

The primary cause of world population growth in recent years has been a decline in __________,which is the incidence of death in a population.

A) the crude death rate
B) mortality
C) the death quota
D) the total death rate

Question 19

The __________ is an important reflection of a society's level of preventive (prenatal) medical care,maternal nutrition,childbirth procedures,and neonatal care for infants.

A) infant death quotient
B) child death index
C) infant mortality rate
D) underage mortality rate

Question 20

__________ is an estimate of the average lifetime in years of people born in a specific year.

A) Life expectancy
B) Longevity determination
C) Life prospects
D) Life projection

Question 21

According to some contemporary economists using a Marxist perspective,the greatest crisis today facing low-income nations is __________,which refers to the lack of adequate money or property to maintain a business.

A) natural disaster
B) war
C) food shortage
D) capital shortage

Question 22

Marx and Engels made a significant contribution to the study of
Demography by suggesting that __________,not overpopulation,is the
Most important issue with regard to food supply in a capitalist economy.

A) wealth
B) poverty
C) alienation
D) reification

Question 23

__________ refers to the physical location of people throughout a geographic area.

A) Migration
B) Distribution
C) Density
D) Immigration

Question 24

People migrate either voluntarily or involuntarily.All of the following are "push" factors of voluntary migration at the international level EXCEPT:

A) political unrest
B) violence
C) war
D) a more temperate climate

Question 25

____________ argue that overpopulation and rapid population growth
Result in global warming,rain-forest destruction,and vulnerability to epidemics.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Neo-Marxists
C) Postmodernists
D) Neo-Malthusians

Question 26

According to the __________,overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems,ranging from global warming and rain-forest destruction to famine and vulnerability to epidemics.

A) Malthusian perspective
B) neo?Malthusian perspective
C) Marxist perspective
D) demographic transition theory

Question 27

According to economist Thomas Malthus,all of the following are positive checks on population EXCEPT:

A) famine
B) disease
C) war
D) moral restraint

Question 28

According to economist Thomas Malthus,the population,if left unchecked,would exceed the:

A) earth's carrying capacity
B) available food supply
C) ecological balance
D) earth's water supply

Question 29

__________ usually occurs as a result of political oppression,such as when Jews fled Nazi Germany in the 1930s or when Afghans left their country to escape oppression there in the early 2000s.

A) Internal migration
B) Voluntary migration
C) Involuntary migration
D) External migration

Question 30

Neo-Malthusians refer to ___________ as the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year because the number of births plus immigrants is equal to the number of deaths plus emigrants.

A) population lag
B) zero population growth
C) the transitional point
D) the demographic transition

Question 31

__________ is the number of people living in a specific geographic area.

A) Distribution
B) Migration
C) Emigration
D) Density

Question 32

__________ is the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency.It affects the size and distribution of the population in a given area.

A) Immigration
B) Distribution
C) Migration
D) Emigration

Question 33

For economist Thomas Malthus,the only acceptable preventive check on population was:

A) famine
B) disease
C) war
D) moral restraint

Question 34

__________ was one of the first scholars to systematically study the effects of population.He argued that "the power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence (food) for man."

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Max Weber
C) Karl Marx
D) Thomas Malthus

Question 35

__________ are a series of bar graphs divided into five-year age cohorts,with the left side depicting the number or percentage of males in each age bracket; the right side provides the same information for females.

A) Demographic diagrams
B) Population pyramids
C) Ecological portraits
D) Actuarial graphs

Question 36

Economist Thomas Malthus argued that the population would increase in a geometric (exponential) progression while the food supply would increase only by an arithmetic progression; thus,a __________ occurs.

A) doubling effect
B) positive check
C) preventive check
D) moral restraint

Question 37

Changes in fertility,mortality,and migration affect the __________,which refers to the biological and social characteristics of a population,including age,sex,race,marital status,education,occupation,income,and size of household.

A) gender/sex composition
B) sex ratio
C) population composition
D) rate of natural increase

Question 38

According to __________,Earth is a "dying planet" with too many people
And too little food,compounded by environmental degradation.

A) neo-Malthusians
B) neo-Marxist
C) postmodernists
D) functionalists

Question 39

Which of the following statements regarding sociologist Karl Marx's views on overpopulation is FALSE?

A) The food supply is threatened by overpopulation.
B) Overpopulation occurs because capitalists desire to have a surplus of workers so as to suppress wages and force workers to be more productive.
C) Poverty is the most important issue with regard to food supply in a capitalist economy.
D) Technology makes it possible to produce the food and other goods needed by a growing population.

Question 40

One measure of population composition is the __________,which is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population.

A) sex ratio
B) rate of gender composition
C) population composition
D) refined gender rate

Question 41

__________ cities increasingly rely on an economic structure that is based on scientific knowledge rather than industrial production and,as a result,a class of professionals and technicians grows in size and influence.

A) Preindustrial
B) Industrial
C) Postindustrial
D) Service

Question 42

Based on his preconditions for the development of cities,sociologist Gideon Sjoberg places the first cities in:

A) Egypt
B) Italy
C) Sicily
D) the Middle Eastern region of Mesopotamia

Question 43

According to sociologist Gideon Sjoberg,three preconditions must be
Present in order for a city to develop.All of the following were
Preconditions identified EXCEPT:

A) a favorable physical environment
B) an advanced technology
C) a wall built around the city for protection
D) a well-developed social organization

Question 44

Preindustrial cities were limited in size by a number of factors.Which of the following was NOT a factor?

A) crowded housing conditions and a lack of adequate sewage facilities
B) limited food supplies
C) difficulties in migrating to the cities
D) the lack of a sense of community

Question 45

A __________ refers to one or more central cities and their surrounding suburbs that dominate the economic and cultural life of a region.

A) metropolis
B) megalopolis
C) conglomeration
D) census district

Question 46

According to sociologist Emile Durkheim,__________ is characterized by a simple division of labor and shared religious beliefs such as are found in small agrarian societies.

A) technological solidarity
B) mechanical solidarity
C) ecological solidarity
D) organic solidarity

Question 47

According to urban sociologists,a __________ is a relatively dense and permanent settlement of people who secure their livelihood primarily through nonagricultural activities.

A) metropolitan area
B) township
C) city
D) territory

Question 48

During the demographic transition stage of ____________,little population growth occurs because high birth rates are offset by high death rates.Food shortages,poor sanitation,and lack of adequate medical care contribute to high rates of infant and child mortality.

A) postindustrialization
B) early industrialization
C) advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) preindustrial societies

Question 49

According to sociologist Emile Durkheim,__________ is characterized by interdependence based on the elaborate division of labor found in large,urban societies.

A) organic solidarity
B) ecological solidarity
C) mechanical solidarity
D) technological solidarity

Question 50

During the demographic transition stage of __________,very little population growth occurs because both birth rates and death rates are low.The birth rate declines as couples control their fertility through contraceptives and become less likely to adhere to religious directives against their use.

A) postindustrialization
B) early industrialization
C) advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) preindustrial societies

Question 51

The largest preindustrial city was:

A) Jericho
B) Athens
C) Rome
D) Babylon

Question 52

During the demographic transition stage of __________,birth rates continue to decline as more women gain full-time employment and the cost of raising children continues to increase.The population grows very slowly,if at all,because the decrease in birth rates is coupled with a stable death rate.

A) postindustrialization
B) early industrialization
C) advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) preindustrial societies

Question 53

Sociologist Robert Park based his analysis of the city on __________,which is the study of the relationship between people and their physical environment.

A) demography
B) urban sociology
C) human ecology
D) physical sociology

Question 54

The __________ suggests that migration may be fostered by groups,such as humanitarian aid organizations relocating refugees or smugglers bringing people into a country illegally,and that the actions of these groups may produce a larger stream of migrants than would otherwise be the case.

A) network theory
B) institutional theory
C) world systems theory
D) neoclassical economic approach

Question 55

Known as the __________,this migration theory suggests that after flows of migration commence,the pattern may continue because potential migrants have personal ties with relatives and friends who now live in the country of destination and can serve as a source of stability when the potential migrants relocate to the new country.

A) world systems theory
B) institutional theory
C) neoclassical economic approach
D) network theory

Question 56

__________ is the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development.

A) Zero population growth
B) Population lag
C) Demographic transition
D) Cultural lag

Question 57

Several major theories have been developed in an attempt to explain international migration.The __________ assumes that migration patterns occur based on geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor.

A) epidemiological transition
B) neoclassical economic approach
C) new households economics of migration approach
D) split-labor market theory

Question 58

__________ refers to the point at which no population increase occurs
From year to year because the number of births plus immigrants is equal
To the number of deaths plus emigrants.

A) Demographic transition
B) Advanced industrialization
C) Zero population growth
D) Zero sum fertility

Question 59

During the demographic transition stage of __________,significant population growth occurs because birth rates are relatively high,whereas death rates decline.Improvements in health,sanitation,and nutrition produce a substantial decline in infant mortality rates.Overpopulation is likely to occur because more people are alive than the society has the ability to support.

A) postindustrialization
B) early industrialization
C) advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) preindustrial societies

Question 60

Which of the following statements regarding Ferdinand Tönnies' typology of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft is FALSE?

A) In Gemeinschaft societies, people have only a limited commitment to the group.
B) Gesellschaft refers to societies characterized by impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values.
C) In Gesellschaft societies, even neighbors are "strangers" who perceive that they had little in common with one another.
D) Gemeinschaft refers to societies in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship.

Question 61

According to the __________ developed by urban sociologists Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman,cities do not have one center from which all growth radiates,but rather have numerous centers of development based on specific urban needs or activities.

A) sector model
B) social area analysis
C) multiple nuclei model
D) concentric zone model

Question 62

According to sociologists Joe Feagin and Robert Parker,__________ include(s) capitalistic investments in production,workers,workplaces,land,and buildings.

A) economic factors
B) structure
C) political factors
D) agency

Question 63

According to sociologists Joe Feagin and Robert Parker,__________is the utility of space,land,and buildings for everyday life,family life,and neighborhood life.

A) use value
B) structure
C) agency
D) exchange value

Question 64

Sociologist Ernest Burgess developed the __________,which is a description of the process of urban growth that views the city as a series of circular areas,each characterized by a different type of land use that developed from a central core.

A) concentric zone model
B) sector model
C) multiple nuclei model
D) social area analysis

Question 65

In Ernest Burgess's concentric zone model,the central business district
Is found in:

A) Zone 1
B) Zone 2
C) Zone 3
D) Zone 4

Question 66

According to sociologist Lynn M.Appleton,different kinds of cities have different __________,which are prevailing ideologies of how women and men should think,feel,and act; how access to social positions and control of resources should be managed; and how relationships between men and women should be conducted.

A) developmental histories
B) gender regimes
C) public patriarchies
D) gender management systems

Question 67

According to sociologists Joe Feagin and Robert Parker,__________ include(s) governmental protection of the right to own and dispose of privately held property as owners see fit,and the role of government officials in promoting the interests of business elites and large corporations.

A) economic factors
B) structure
C) political factors
D) agency

Question 68

According to sociologists Joe Feagin and Robert Parker,__________ refers to institutions such as state bureaucracies and capital investment circuits that are involved in the urban development process.

A) use value
B) structure
C) agency
D) exchange value

Question 69

An important ecological process involved in the concentric zone theory,__________,is the process by which a new category of people or type of land use gradually predominates in an area formerly dominated by another group or activity.

A) diffusion
B) succession
C) gentrification
D) invasion

Question 70

The __________ examines urban populations in terms of economic status,family status,and ethnic classification.

A) sector model
B) social area analysis
C) multiple nuclei model
D) concentric zone model

Question 71

__________ is the process by which members of the middle and upper-middle classes,especially whites,move into the central city area and renovate existing properties.

A) Invasion
B) Succession
C) Gentrification
D) Diffusion

Question 72

An important ecological process involved in the concentric zone theory,__________,is the process by which a new category of people or type of land use arrives in an area previously occupied by another group or land use.

A) invasion
B) gentrification
C) succession
D) diffusion

Question 73

According to sociologists Joe Feagin and Robert Parker,__________ refers to the profits that industrialists,developers,bankers,and others make from buying,selling,and developing land and buildings.

A) use value
B) structure
C) agency
D) exchange value

Question 74

__________ is/are based on women's increasing dependence on paid work and the state for income and their decreasing emotional interdependence with men.

A) Developmental histories
B) Private patriarchy
C) Gender regimes
D) Public patriarchy

Question 75

Urban ecologist Homer Hoyt's __________ emphasizes the significance of terrain and the importance of transportation routes in the layout of cities.

A) social area analysis
B) multiple nuclei model
C) concentric zone model
D) sector model

Question 76

__________ is/are based on a strongly gendered division of labor in the home,gender-segregated paid employment,and women's dependence on men's income.

A) Public patriarchy
B) Gender regimes
C) Private patriarchy
D) Development histories

Question 77

According to sociologists Joe Feagin and Robert Parker,three major themes prevail in political economy models of urban growth.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) Both economic and political factors affect patterns of urban growth and decline.
B) Urban space has both an exchange value and a use value.
C) Structure and agency are both important in understanding urban development.
D) Urban growth is largely independent from class and class conflict.

Question 78

In Ernest Burgess's concentric zone model,the working-class residences
And shops and ethnic enclaves are found in:

A) Zone 1
B) Zone 2
C) Zone 3
D) Zone 4

Question 79

According to sociologists Joe Feagin and Robert Parker,__________ refers to the human actors,including developers,business elites,and activists protesting development,who are involved in decisions about land use.

A) use value
B) structure
C) agency
D) exchange value

Question 80

__________ refers to the tendency of some neighborhoods,cities,or regions to grow and prosper while others stagnate and decline.

A) Structure
B) Agency
C) Uneven development
D) Use value