Deck 5: The Individual Child: Temperament, Emotion, Self, and Personality

Question 1

The understanding and use of display rules to mask genuine feelings in social contexts typically appear:

A) By middle childhood
B) During early childhood
C) Much earlier for girls than boys
D) With the onset of adolescence

Answer 1

By middle childhood

Question 2

Individual differences by which young infants first exert a unique influence on others around them form what developmental scientists refer to as:

A) Temperament
B) Emotional regulation
C) The self
D) Emotion

Answer 2

Temperament

Question 3

Current research supports which of the following conclusion(s) about temperament?

A) It is biologically-based, relatively stable, and interacts with the environment to influence development
B) It predicts adult personality, varies across situations, and is best measured through parent report
C) It is an out-dated concept that has little genetic or physiological basis
D) It is influenced by some environmental factors (parenting) not others (cultural norms)

Answer 3

It is biologically-based, relatively stable, and interacts with the environment to influence development

Question 4

The "differential susceptibility" hypothesis argues that the association of difficult temperament with later behavioral problems results from:

A) Negative environmental influences around them (such as frustrated parenting)
B) Continuing intrinsic vulnerability of such children with difficult temperaments
C) Cultural norms concerning gender differences (i.e., boys are more physically aggressive than girls)
D) Children with difficult temperaments tend to have poor-quality interactions with peers

Question 5

Recent conceptualizations of temperament by Rothbart and her colleagues in terms of _____ mirrors the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory nervous system processes:

A) Reactivity and self-regulation
B) Difficult- and easy-to-soothe
C) Conscience and sociability
D) Externalizing and internalizing behaviors

Question 6

By preschool age, children typically develop _____ emotions such as pride and embarrassment:

A) Self-conscious
B) Mixed
C) Socially-sanctioned
D) Moral

Question 7

In adulthood, emotional development focuses on individuals:

A) Constructing their lives to incorporate emotional experiences that are personally desirable
B) Learning to balance frustration and contentment in the face of declining abilities
C) More accurately interpreting the emotional displays of others
D) Dealing with loss of freedom and increased responsibility

Question 8

Which of the following is stressed in the functionalist account of emotion?

A) Goal attainment in everyday experience
B) Biological bases of emotional reactions
C) Conditioning of emotional responses via reinforcement
D) Self-regulation through approach-avoidance behaviors

Question 9

Which of the following neurological developments accompanies an increased ability for emotional regulation during childhood?

A) Maturation of functional connections between subcortical and frontal systems regulating emotion
B) Pruning of neurons in the cortex due to experience and learning
C) Doubling of synaptic connections between language and emotional centers of the brain
D) Completion of axonal myelination of the frontal cortex

Question 10

_____ organizes and integrates our experience of who we are in the context of changing life events and provides an essential foundation to personality development:

A) The sense of self
B) Emotional regulation
C) Temperament
D) Conscience

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a facet of the self of interest to developmental science?

A) Self-interest
B) Self-awareness
C) Self-representation
D) Self-evaluations

Question 12

Social comparison becomes a central feature of self-awareness during:

A) Middle childhood
B) Early childhood
C) Adolescence
D) Adulthood