Deck 5: Socialization

Question 1

The process by which individuals learn to conform to their society's norms, values, and roles is called:

A) absorption
B) assimilation
C) indoctrination
D) socialization

Answer 1

socialization

Question 2

The transmission of culture from one generation to the next is called:

A) assimilation
B) inculcation
C) indoctrination
D) socialization

Answer 2

socialization

Question 3

Primary socialization refers to:

A) all the ways in which the newborn individual is molded into a social being
B) the channeling of potentially dangerous instincts into socially acceptable ones
C) the influence of school and peers on the development of the child
D) the stripping away of an old identity and the establishment of a new one

Answer 3

all the ways in which the newborn individual is molded into a social being

Question 4

The socialization process can be divided into three major phases, including all of the following EXCEPT:

A) adult socialization
B) primary socialization
C) reformative socialization
D) secondary socialization

Question 5

That phase of socialization occurring in later childhood and adolescence is termed:

A) adult socialization
B) primary socialization
C) resocialization
D) secondary socialization

Question 6

Adult socialization refers to the process of:

A) adjusting to the fact that as adults most people never achieve those goals they set early in life
B) getting older people to accept retirement and the inevitability of death
C) learning the norms of the new statuses we occupy as adults
D) rejecting the statuses that we occupy when we are younger

Question 7

The "nature-nurture" controversy refers to:

A) how humans learn to repress their instinctually aggressive behavior
B) the debate over the role of biological versus social factors in creating the person
C) the degree of control people have over their own lives
D) the question of whether human beings are members of the animal kingdom

Question 8

According to social scientists which of the following best explains the altruistic behavior of firefighters on September 11?

A) innate biology
B) nurture
C) sociobiology
D) effects of nature alone

Question 9

Which of the following is most closely associated with the position of social scientists in the nature vs. nurture debate?

A) behaviorism
B) nature
C) a combination with emphasis on nurture
D) nature and nurture with an emphasis on nature

Question 10

When sociologists speak of the self, they are talking about:

A) our ability to conform to society's norms and to take the roles that society makes available to them.
B) the conforming part of the personality
C) the instinctual part of the human personality
D) the part of the personality that emerges only in adulthood

Question 11

Which of the following ideas was central to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's beliefs about socialization?

A) Bodily fluids control people's moods and personalities.
B) Human behavior is heavily influenced by the planets.
C) Humanity's basic problem was "original sin."
D) Improving society was key to improving people.

Question 12

The first social scientist to develop a theory of both the "nature" and "nurture"
Aspects of human existence was:

A) Erik Erikson
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C) Karl Marx
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 13

Freud's theory held that the social self develops primarily

A) at school
B) in the family
C) in social interaction with other children
D) through physical gratification

Question 14

In Freud's theory, the part of the personality from which the infant's unsocialized drives arise is termed the:

A) ego
B) id
C) libido
D) superego

Question 15

According to Freud, all of the following are part of the personality EXCEPT the:

A) alter ego
B) ego
C) id
D) superego

Question 16

In Freud's theory, which of the following is that part of the personality that represents the internalized norms, values, and feelings that are taught in the socialization process?

A) alter ego
B) ego
C) id
D) superego

Question 17

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding Freud's theory of personality?

A) The same sex parent is the most powerful influence on the growing child.
B) Childhood conflicts reappear throughout life.
C) The individual's major personality traits are formed in conflict.
D) All of these.

Question 18

A core idea in Freud's theory of personality is conflict. That conflict, in his opinion is between:

A) structured and unstructured child rearing tactics.
B) the infant's basic biological urges and society's demands.
C) the parents of the child over styles of child management.
D) the yin and yang of the cosmos influencing the child.

Question 19

Which of the following statements represents the core idea of behaviorism?

A) All behavior is learned.
B) Behavior is determined mostly by genetic and physiological factors.
C) Nature is all important in determining human behavior.
D) Nurture is of little consequence in human development.

Question 20

All of the following scientists are associated with behaviorism EXCEPT:

A) B. F. Skinner
B) Emile Durkheim
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) John B. Watson

Question 21

The shaping of behavior through reward or punishment is called:

A) conditioning
B) identity reinforcement
C) modeling
D) symbolic representation

Question 22

On her refrigerator, Jason's mother has a list of behaviors that she is trying to teach her three year old. Every time Jason says "please" and "thank you"
When asking for something, his mother puts a shiny gold star on the chart. Mother's socialization practice is based on which of the following theories?

A) behaviorism
B) identity reinforcement
C) intermittent conditioning
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 23

Which of the following theories states that all behavior is learned as a result of conditioning?

A) behaviorism
B) functionalism
C) sociobiology
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 24

Which of the following behaviorists worked with "Little Albert?"

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) Fred Skinner
D) John Watson

Question 25

Of the following, which best describes the beliefs of the behaviorists?

A) Nature and nurture are of equal importance.
B) Nature is all important.
C) Nurture is irrelevant.
D) Nature is irrelevant and nurture all important.

Question 26

Joan C. believes that all people are completely determined by their environment. That is, a healthy, well-structured society produces well-adjusted people, while a society that is hostile and violent produces deviants. This outlook on life is an example of:

A) behaviorism
B) conflict theory
C) human ecology
D) sociobiology

Question 27

Which of the following terms best describes a child raised in social isolation?

A) social isolate
B) unsocialized child
C) feral child
D) non functional child

Question 28

Studies of feral children lead researchers to the conclusion that

A) a lack of parental attention can result in retardation and early death
B) they can establish causality between isolation and retardation
C) extreme isolation is the direct cause of early death
D) nature is more important in development than nurture

Question 29

The major conclusion of the Harlow and Harlow studies of rhesus monkeys is that

A) the lack of nurturance had no negative effects of the behaviors of monkeys
B) the best predictor of abuse is whether the parent was also abused
C) generalizing about the lack of nurturance is impossible
D) none of these

Question 30

Social structures that are responsible for the processes of socialization are called:

A) agencies of socialization
B) child care centers
C) identity reinforcers
D) significant others

Question 31

Pavlov's work on conditioned reflexes indicates:

A) any biological response could be elicited as a result of learning experiences
B) behavior that had been thought to be entirely instinctive could be conditioned by learning situations
C) biological drives could in no way be modified by learning experiences
D) biological drives play little or no role in human behavior

Question 32

John Watson wrote, "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select. . ." This statement reflects the theory known as:

A) behaviorism
B) conflict theory
C) human ecology
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a key element of the theory of behaviorism?

A) All behavior results from learning.
B) Humans are almost completely dominated by their environment.
C) Instinct plays an important role in human learning.
D) Learning is a reciprocal process resulting from the interaction of the individual and the environment.

Question 34

John is training his Golden Retriever to retriever ducks by using a special collar to signal the dog to return to him, and combining this with a command. This training method is an application of the method developed by

A) John Watson
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) George Herbert Mead

Question 35

Experience with Genie, who had been denied human contact for the first eleven years of her life, indicates that:

A) after several months in an enriched environment, she overcame the results of her social impoverishment.
B) her most severe deprivation was in the area of language development.
C) neurological tests showed massive brain damage.
D) with specialized tutoring she was able to gain fluency in language.

Question 36

Studies of feral children indicate that:

A) human genetic capacity easily overcomes the effects of isolation
B) the effects of extreme isolation can be easily overcome if the child is brought into the proper environment
C) there is a "catch-up effect" in that childhood isolation causes them to learn faster as adults
D) the victims of severe isolation learn more slowly than children who were not isolated in early childhood

Question 37

Harry Harlow showed that monkeys reared in the absence of their mothers:

A) could not refrain from aggressive behavior when they were brought into group situations
B) got along as well as monkeys raised with their mothers
C) tended to die during the first year of life
D) tended to have higher than average intelligence

Question 38

The phrase "social construction of the self" refers to:

A) the amount of freedom people have in choosing their own identities.
B) the belief that biological factors play no role at all in the development of the self.
C) the idea that the self is completely determined by society.
D) the ways in which the self is constructed through social interaction with other people over a lifetime.

Question 39

In a study titled The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray argue that the major obstacle in the demanding economic environment is:

A) lack of preschool programs
B) insufficient improvements in public education
C) lack of intelligence
D) insufficient family support

Question 40

Herrnstein's and Murray's research has been criticized because:

A) intelligence is only measured by IQ
B) there are cultural middle class biases in questions used to measure IQ
C) the authors assert that correlation and causality are the same
D) all of the above

Question 41

The Human Genome Project was the first successful research effort to

A) map human behavior
B) determine the interaction between nature and nurture
C) discover all the genes in the human body
D) find the link between IQ and genes

Question 42

Information regarding the role of genes in shaping human behavior has not come from the Human Genome Project but rather from studies of

A) fraternal twins
B) siblings
C) identical twins
D) first cousins

Question 43

Charles Horton Cooley's phrase "the looking-glass self" refers to the process by which we:

A) actually become the person we believe others think we are
B) conform to other people's expectations of us
C) learn to balance the biological and social components of the self
D) repress all biological urges that are socially unacceptable

Question 44

"I must not be a very good ballplayer. I am always the last one chosen when we play at school, and I usually have to play right field." Mark's statement is a reflection of the concept termed the:

A) "looking-glass self"
B) particular other
C) reference self
D) social self

Question 45

According to George Herbert Mead, the vehicle for the development of the self is:

A) conflict
B) language
C) repression
D) stimulus reinforcement

Question 46

According to Mead, we acquire a self through the processes of:

A) conflict between the needs of the individual and the demands of society.
B) early interaction with parents in infancy and early childhood.
C) observing and assimilating the identities of others.
D) paying close attention to the opinions of others and changing our behavior to reflect what we see.

Question 47

Mead's theory places which of the following at the center of the formation of the self?

A) conditioning
B) culture
C) sexual urges
D) genetics

Question 48

George Herbert Mead argues that the two most important activities of childhood are:

A) conflict and assimilation
B) love and discipline
C) play and games
D) repression and acceptance

Question 49

During play, a child plays the roles of important people in his or her environment. Such people are termed:

A) generalized others
B) looking-glass selves
C) reference others
D) significant others

Question 50

Denise wants to spend the night on the street to buy tickets for a rock concert. She insists that she must go because, as she tells her parents, "Everybody's doing it!" In this case, "everybody" Is an example of the sociological concept of:

A) reference others
B) the cohesive self
C) the generalized other
D) the looking-glass selves

Question 51

From the standpoint of personality development, the generalized other represents the voice of society, which is internalized as:

A) competence
B) conscience
C) consciousness
D) self-esteem

Question 52

The term face work refers to:

A) rules of interaction
B) roles of social actors
C) the process of gender socialization
D) the role of appearance in human behavior

Question 53

The positive social value a person claims for her/himself by acting out a specific set of socially approved attributes is termed:

A) civility
B) courtesy
C) face
D) umbrage

Question 54

According to Goffman, which of the following terms refers to defending a positive self-image against possible embarrassment?

A) egotism
B) face work
C) nominalism
D) pride

Question 55

Piaget's theory of human development concentrated on

A) early childhood experiences
B) psychosexual development
C) the mental processes of children
D) the place of conflict in human development

Question 56

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory emphasizes:

A) the cognitive aspects of moral development
B) the conflicted character of early socialization experiences
C) the imitation and assimilation of social roles
D) the importance of the opinions of others in one's self-image

Question 57

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development contains all of the following stages EXCEPT:

A) conventional
B) nonconventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 58

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, a child who acts out of desire for reward and fear of punishment is in which of the following stages?

A) conventional
B) nonconventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 59

Stephanie thinks it is wrong to hit her little brother because, if she does, her mother will put her in "time out." According to Kohlberg, which stage of moral development is Stephanie in?

A) conventional
B) nonconventional
C) preconventional
D) postconventional

Question 60

When a child's decisions are based on an understanding of right and wrong as embodied in social rules or laws, the child is in the:

A) conventional stage
B) nonconventional stage
C) postconventional stage
D) preconventional stage

Question 61

Jason believes that it is wrong to steal because stealing is against the law, but figures the store owner is so wealthy that it won't hurt if he steals something he needs. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Jason is probably in the:

A) conventional stage
B) nonconventional stage
C) postconventional stage
D) preconventional stage

Question 62

Research by Carol Gilligan on gender and moral reasoning concluded that

A) there are no differences in the reasoning between males and females
B) females make judgments on the basis of caring
C) males make decisions on the basis of relationship maintenance
D) males look for caring solutions more than females

Question 63

When the individual develops a sense of relativity and can distinguish between social laws and moral principles, he or she is in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) conventional
B) nonconventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 64

Situations in which the individual plays a role that he or she is likely to assume later in life are termed:

A) adult socialization
B) anticipatory socialization
C) primary socialization
D) resocialization

Question 65

Julie's mother is a surgeon. Julie likes to play doctor and hopes to become a doctor herself someday. In playing the role of doctor, Julie is engaging in what sociologists call:

A) anticipatory socialization
B) primary socialization
C) resocialization
D) secondary socialization

Question 66

The groups of people, along with the interactions that occur within those groups that influence a person's social development throughout life are called:

A) agencies of socialization
B) behavior molders
C) social formationists
D) social constructionists

Question 67

In the United States, the primary agency of socialization is the:

A) family
B) media
C) peer group
D) school

Question 68

Which of the following statements about socialization is TRUE?

A) Socialization takes place only in industrialized countries.
B) The content of socialization differs from one culture to another.
C) The process and the content of socialization are the same around the world.
D) Within the same society, the content of socialization is uniform.

Question 69

Research studying the effects of day care centers on child development has found that:

A) all centers are fundamentally negative in their effects on children
B) day care centers have a positive effect on children only when mothers have to work outside the home to support their children
C) good quality centers have been shown not to be harmful to children
D) child abuse is pervasive in day care centers

Question 70

Jack graduated from Enormous State University with a degree in accounting. He was immediately hired as an auditor by Beene Kounter Associates and placed in their management training program. This program is an example of:

A) adult socialization
B) primary socialization
C) resocialization
D) secondary socialization

Question 71

Which of the following statements about community agencies of socialization is TRUE?

A) Children are subject to minimal socializing influences outside the family and the school.
B) Day care centers are a source of controversy in the socialization of young children.
C) Participation in team sports has only physiological effects.
D) The norm for mothers to remain in the home to care for young children grows out of the fact that day care centers have been proved harmful to children under the age of four.

Question 72

Interacting groups of people of about the same age are called:

A) peer groups
B) primary group
C) reference groups
D) secondary groups

Question 73

Megan is thirteen and a middle school student. At her age the most important agent of socialization in her life is likely to be the:

A) community
B) peer group
C) media
D) school

Question 74

Religion primarily serves as a source of:

A) identity
B) moral beliefs
C) education
D) socialization

Question 75

Research has shown that couples who attend religious services

A) have more children
B) have more disagreements
C) are less likely to divorce
D) spend less time involved in family activities

Question 76

Religion is a source of conflict about all of the following except

A) same-sex marriages
B) prayer in schools
C) separation of church and state
D) the importance of moral beliefs

Question 77

In the opinion of many, the most controversial agent of socialization in American society is the:

A) community
B) mass media
C) peer group
D) school

Question 78

The set of roles people play over a lifetime and the way those roles change as a consequence of social change is termed the:

A) developmental curve
B) developmental sequence
C) growth experience
D) life course

Question 79

The part of one's identity that is formed early in childhood and not easily changed is one's

A) life course
B) core identity
C) sense of self
D) none of these

Question 80

Intense and deliberate socialization designed to change major beliefs and behaviors is

A) adult socialization
B) life course socialization
C) alternative socialization
D) resocialization