Deck 13: Inequalities of Gender

Question 1

The term empowerment is used in referring to which of the following:

A) the process whereby a powerless group of people reach full participation in society
B) the process of improving the status of a group
C) the process of regaining control over property that was lost
D) the process of achieving equality

Answer 1

the process whereby a powerless group of people reach full participation in society

Question 2

Which of the following is the reason that the burden of poverty is greater for women than men?

A) women work in economic sectors where the income is low
B) women are educated and not able to find jobs that pay well
C) women take primary responsibility for the rearing and nurturing of children
D) women are unable to move to find better jobs

Answer 2

women take primary responsibility for the rearing and nurturing of children

Question 3

Sandra Bem believed there are three basic beliefs about women and men that have prevailed throughout the history of Western culture. Which is not one of those?

A) men and women have fundamentally different psychological natures
B) men are inherently dominant or superior sex
C) both male-female difference and male dominance are natural
D) men are naturally sexist

Answer 3

men are naturally sexist

Question 4

The lenses of gender are responsible for shaping our lives. Which of the following is not one of the lenses of gender as identified by Sandra Bem?

A) biological essentialism
B) gender polarization
C) gender socialization
D) androcentrism

Question 5

The perception that men are inherently superior to women is

A) gender polarization
B) androcentrism
C) gender socialization
D) androgyny

Question 6

Gender polarization refers to the idea that

A) men are superior to women
B) men and women are fundamentally different
C) women are superior to men
D) there are no differences between men and women

Question 7

The process that separates males and females into different social worlds with their own activities and language is

A) gender polarization
B) gender destiny
C) gender socialization
D) sex role distinction

Question 8

According to Sandra Bem the historically crude perception that men are inherently superior to women is

A) androcentrism
B) gender polarization
C) biological essentialism
D) transsexualism

Question 9

Girls and boys play groups differ in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) different values
B) different ways of bonding
C) different games
D) different types of conflict

Question 10

Weaknesses of much research on gender separation theory include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) boys and girls are raised together
B) generalizations about "girl culture" are based primarily on upper class white girls
C) the idea that peer groups are gender-segregated is a product of researcher bias
D) the tendency to observe only the activities of the most powerful and socially successful boys

Question 11

Seven-year-old Erik broke a neighbor's window while playing baseball. When his father confronted him with the evidence, Erik started to cry, knowing that he would be spanked. His father became angry and told him to take his punishment "like a man." In this example Erik's father is engaging in:

A) adult socialization
B) gender socialization
C) primary socialization
D) secondary socialization

Question 12

Maria used a four-letter word and her mother admonished her, "Nice girls don't talk like that!" In this instance Maria's mother is engaging in:

A) developmental socialization
B) gender socialization
C) resocialization
D) secondary socialization

Question 13

Stratification by gender is characteristic of:

A) all human societies
B) feudal societies only
C) preindustrial societies but not urban industrial societies
D) urban industrial societies only

Question 14

Differences in the behaviors expected of men and women are based on:

A) differences in patterns of learning
B) differences in the innate abilities of men and women
C) differences in the physical strength of men and women
D) hormonal differences between men and women

Question 15

In her study of gender roles in New Guinea, Margaret Mead concluded that differences between the roles of men and women:

A) should be encouraged at all costs
B) were a natural outgrowth of biological and psychological differences
C) were a result of learning and cultural factors
D) were functionally necessary for the society

Question 16

In which of the following New Guinea tribes did Margaret Mead discover gender behavior that Was almost the opposite of what was expected in the Western cultures?

A) the Arapesh
B) the Mundugumor
C) the Nayar
D) the Tchambuli

Question 17

In Margaret Mead's study of gender behavior in New Guinea, in which of the following tribes did women and men both behave in ways normally associated with women in Western societies?

A) the Arapesh
B) the K'ung
C) the Nayar
D) the Tchambuli

Question 18

Which of the following refers to the perception that men are inherently superior to women?

A) bigamy
B) androgyny
C) androcentrism
D) gender polarization

Question 19

Which of the following justifies differential treatment of men and women based on a perceived fundamental difference?

A) androcentrism
B) gender polarization
C) biological essentialism
D) androgyny

Question 20

As societies evolve from hunting and gathering to agrarian production, which of the following most likely occurs with respect to the sexual division of labor?

A) It becomes increasingly rigid.
B) It becomes more varied.
C) It disappears.
D) It remains the same.

Question 21

The goal of Claire Renzetti's journal Violence Against Women is to:

A) teach women ways to rationalize why date rape occurred
B) track the most recent research on violence against women
C) help women speak out more effectively against violence
D) teach women not to blame themselves

Question 22

An organization that favors one gender over the other is a

A) gender unique organization
B) gender specialized organization
C) gendered organization
D) none of these

Question 23

In efforts to raise awareness concerning violence against women, Claire Renzetti believes that women must do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) release research findings to the public
B) volunteer as consultants or commentators for local television and radio stations
C) blame themselves for drinking on a date
D) write op-ed pieces for local newspapers

Question 24

An example of a gendered organization is a

A) middle school faculty
B) hospital staff
C) law firm
D) none of these

Question 25

The research on peer socialization has a problem with

A) validity.
B) generalizability.
C) reliability.
D) accurate data.

Question 26

The origins of gender inequality in most modern societies can be traced to which of the following periods in their history?

A) feudal
B) hunting-gathering
C) industrial
D) postindustrial

Question 27

It has been argued that the norms of chivalry and courtly love served the function of:

A) continuing the repression of women
B) giving women greater social power
C) increasing the status of women
D) increasing women's opportunities for upward mobility

Question 28

In medieval Europe, the institution of chastity was indirectly designed to:

A) achieve equality for men and women
B) constrain women in higher social strata
C) give all women greater social power
D) subordinate women of lower social strata

Question 29

Western cultures that maintain norms of courtly love tend to:

A) achieve equality for men and women
B) decrease the influence of the double standard
C) reinforce the existing stratification system
D) restrict the options open to women

Question 30

In the Islamic world women tend to prefer enrolling in which of the following courses?

A) Language and literature
B) Life sciences and chemistry
C) Social sciences.
D) Mathematics and physics

Question 31

Which of the following is a barrier to higher education for women in Muslim countries?

A) the teachings of Islam
B) social and cultural barriers
C) inability to compete with other students
D) lack of encouragement

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of sex-segregated play groups?

A) As adults, men tend to be more interested in roles that involve human relationships.
B) As adults, women are more likely to be socialized into the "feminine" roles of mother, teacher, and secretary.
C) Boys play at team sports more than girls do.
D) Girls spend more time playing at domestic roles than boys do.

Question 33

Which of the following statements about adult gender roles is NOT true?

A) Men enjoy more prestige and wealth than women do.
B) There is a job ceiling operating for working women in large corporations.
C) Women enjoy more leisure than men do.
D) Working women earn less than men do.

Question 34

An ideology that justifies prejudice or discrimination based on gender is referred to as:

A) ageism
B) nativism
C) racism
D) sexism

Question 35

Objectification of women in beauty contests such as the Miss America pageant is a form of

A) ageism
B) racism
C) nativism
D) sexism

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a reason for opposition to such events as the Miss America Contest?

A) They are sexist.
B) They lead to greater equality between the sexes.
C) They perpetuate the exploitation of women.
D) They portray women in a stereotypical manner.

Question 37

Most of the commonly given reasons for differential treatment of people on the basis of age and gender are based on:

A) biological factors
B) cultural factors
C) social factors
D) religious factors

Question 38

Any unwanted sexual behavior that is appraised as offensive or threatening to a women's well being is considered:

A) sexual nuisance
B) sexual harassment
C) sexual discrimination
D) sexual embarrassment

Question 39

Common forms of sexual harassment that women are regularly subjected to include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) joking with sexual connotations
B) bantering
C) encouraging women to speak out
D) teasing

Question 40

The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 gave women:

A) equal protection under the law
B) the right to enter the armed forces
C) the right to hold political office
D) the right to vote

Question 41

Jo Freeman suggests that the resurgence of the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s was a result of:

A) efforts by women's organizations to make women aware of inequality based on gender
B) granting women the right to vote
C) increasing numbers of women holding political office
D) the increasing divorce rate

Question 42

The term "feminine mystique" refers to the idea that:

A) femininity is hard to define
B) women are hard to understand
C) women have certain psychic powers unavailable to men
D) women would find fulfillment as wives and mothers

Question 43

Legislation that was a significant achievement of the women's movement in the 1960's was:

A) Equal pay for equal work legislation
B) the women's rights act
C) No child left behind
D) women's right to vote

Question 44

Women typically spend several additional hours doing household chores after working at a job outside the home: This work is termed:

A) housework
B) women's work
C) second shift
D) women's bag

Question 45

The persistent dominance of men over women is called:

A) absolutism
B) autocracy
C) gynecracy
D) patriarchy

Question 46

Arlie Hochschild coined the term "second shift" to refer to the:

A) expectation that women who work in the paid labor force will also perform the bulk of household chores.
B) fact that more women in the paid labor force work late afternoons and evenings.
C) finding that most working women now hire out most of their domestic work.
D) idea that both working spouses should share equally in the domestic chores.

Question 47

The concept that holds that there should be increases in salaries paid in traditionally female occupations comparable to those paid in similar but traditionally male occupations is

A) equal pay
B) comparable worth
C) pay ethics
D) salary comparison

Question 48

The segregation of women into secretarial and clerical work jobs is defined by the term:

A) blue collar positions
B) pink collar ghettos
C) white collar
D) dead end labor

Question 49

In which of the following occupational realms do men and women seem to be sharing in the positions equally?

A) Professional/Technical
B) Administrative/Managerial
C) Medical
D) Sales

Question 50

Which of the following areas seems to be leading the world in promoting women to management positions?

A) United States
B) Egypt
C) Caribbean
D) Mexico

Question 51

The Maasai of East Africa speak which of the following languages?

A) English
B) African
C) Spanish
D) Maa

Question 52

What term is used to define the process whereby relatively powerless people of any gender, race, ethnicity or age organize to assert their needs?

A) enlightenment
B) powering
C) empowerment
D) reactionary

Question 53

The Maasai women bear children until

A) they have a male heir.
B) they decide they are tired of having children.
C) they can no longer give birth.
D) their husbands refuse to assist them in procreation.

Question 54

_________ is a biologically determined ascribed status.

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Gender role
D) Sexuality

Question 55

__________ is socially constructed set of ways for being a man or woman.

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Gender role
D) Sexuality

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) Women and children make up 70% of the world's poor.
B) Women comprise less than 10% of the world's illiterate population.
C) Women receive only 10% of the world's income.
D) Women own 70% of all small businesses.

Question 57

____________ established women's basic political rights, and made the inconsistency between ideology and the treatment of women widely visible.

A) First-wave feminism
B) Second-wave feminism
C) Patriarchy
D) Gender roles

Question 58

On average, workingwomen in the U.S. have __________ less leisure time than their partners because they shoulder far more of the domestic responsibilities.

A) 5 hours
B) 10 hours
C) 20 hours
D) 25 hours

Question 59

Which of the following countries have adopted universal child care, family leave and longer vacations as a way to relieve the gender disparities surrounding second shift labor, and encourage women into the workforce?

A) United States
B) Russia
C) England
D) France

Question 60

Since 1976, the amount of housework done by men

A) has decreased
B) has doubled
C) has stayed the same
D) has gone up, but not by as much as women's amounts

Question 61

In many societies, the ideals and goals of gender equality have historically been seen as

A) something to strive for
B) God's will
C) deeply threatening to the stability of society
D) against biological standards

Question 62

Which of the following is LEAST important to men's concept of masculinity?

A) honorable
B) self-reliant
C) respected
D) successful with women

Question 63

Which of the following statements about the relative weights of models and young women in the population is true?

A) Since 1920 the average weight for both models and young women has gone down thanks to an emphasis on exercise and healthy diets
B) While the weight of an average young woman rose 20 pounds, the weights of models actually decreased.
C) Models have always weighed slightly more than the average young woman.
D) Although they were separated by 15 pounds in 1920, the weights of models and the average young woman have increasingly come more in line with one another.

Question 64

The countries with the most equitable distribution of poverty among single men and women are:

A) North American countries (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
B) Northern European and Scandinavian countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden)
C) Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Austria)
D) Western European countries (Spain, Italy, France)

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a problem with gender separation theory?

A) research tends to be qualitative
B) researchers have tended to observe only the most successful and popular children
C) research on girls has focused on white, upper-class children
D) isolated children have been ignored by researchers

Question 66

The photo of the Migrant Madonna was taken

A) during World War II
B) in order to exploit women
C) during the Great Depression
D) to illustrate the changing gender norms of the late 20th century

Question 67

Throughout most of the last century, which of the following has been a distinctive characteristic of urban industrial nations of the West?

A) the reestablishment of monarchies
B) the rise of racial minorities to positions of dominance
C) the struggle for female emancipation
D) the decline of capitalism

Question 68

Which country ranks highest in promoting women to managerial positions?

A) Sweden
B) Japan
C) Mexico
D) United States

Question 69

All human societies are stratified by gender.

Question 70

The practice of female circumcision has the effect of increasing sexual desire and responsiveness in women.

Question 71

The persistent social dominance of men over women is referred to as autocracy.

Question 72

World War II was an important turning point in the participation of American women in the paid labor force.

Question 73

Working in the paid labor market has increased the leisure time of American women.

Question 74

Women had no important economic role before industrialization.

Question 75

From their beginnings, social movements on behalf of civil rights, environmental protection and labor worked actively to improve the status of women.

Question 76

The brutalization of women as a form is entertainment is a common example of sexism.

Question 77

Each year the number of battered women and the number of battered men in the United States is about the same.

Question 78

Androcentrism is the perception that men are inherently inferior to women.

Question 79

Biological essentialism is a lens of gender.

Question 80

In playground and schoolyard peer groups, students commonly separate first by race or ethnicity and then by gender.