Deck 23: Study Drugs: Brain Boost or Brain Drain Brain Structure and Function

Question 1

The expression "knee-jerk reaction" refers to someone doing something automatically without thinking. What does this expression mean in biological terms?

A) In the nervous system, this expression implies the involvement of higher brain regions before executing a spinal reflex.
B) In the nervous system, this expression implies the lack of brain input when executing a spinal reflex.
C) This expression implies that the knee-jerk reaction will be shortened in duration following input from higher brain regions.
D) This expression implies that only children exhibit this type of unthinking behavior.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Where are the sensory receptors for equilibrium located?

A) on the surface of the skin
B) in the inner ear
C) in the joints
D) in the retina of the eye

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Of the general categories of neurons, which carry information to the CNS?

A) inhibitory neurons
B) sensory neurons
C) motor neurons
D) interneurons

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which sense is a general sense?

A) pressure
B) smell
C) hearing
D) vision

Question 5

What is a nerve?

A) a bundle of neurons
B) a chain of neurons
C) a sensory synapse
D) a series of impulses

Question 6

It's known that teenagers and young adults are impulsive in nature, take unnecessary risks, and are, therefore, more susceptible to drug addiction. Which lobe of the cerebrum do scientists hypothesize as reason for this because this lobe doesn't fully develop until the early twenties?

A) temporal
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) frontal

Question 7

Which structure would allow you to move your hand away from a hot burner after touching it?

A) sensory neuron
B) interneuron
C) motor neuron
D) glial cell

Question 8

Which parts belong to the central nervous system?

A) sensory neurons
B) interneurons
C) motor neurons
D) effectors

Question 9

Which symptoms would arise from a disease that led to the degeneration and death of nerves composed of the peripheral nervous system?

A) inability to memorize names and faces
B) severe dementia (loss of intellectual capacity)
C) impaired vision
D) loss of voluntary muscle control

Question 10

What is the sudden withdrawal of one's hand from a hot stove?

A) learning
B) common sense
C) an instinct
D) a reflex

Question 11

Arrange the following neurons into the correct sequence for information flow during the withdrawal reflex following touching a hot burner on a stove.

A) interneuron, motor neuron, sensory neuron
B) motor neuron, sensory neuron, interneuron
C) sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron
D) motor neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron

Question 12

Which sense is a special sense?

A) temperature
B) pain
C) touch
D) taste

Question 13

Which structures would be classified as effectors?

A) sensory neurons
B) interneurons
C) body tissues
D) neurotransmitters

Question 14

What system is composed of the spinal cord and brain?

Question 15

Refer to the diagram to answer the following question: A blow to which part of the head could lead to loss of vision?

A) front
B) top
C) back
D) side

Question 16

Which specialized cells receive and respond to stimuli?

A) effectors
B) neurotransmitters
C) neurons
D) nerve impulses

Question 17

What are sensory receptors?

A) cells that create action potentials and thresholds
B) localized areas of the CNS
C) chemicals that cross a synapse between two nerve cells
D) specialized neurons for detecting the world around you

Question 18

What is proprioception?

A) the sense of pressure on the body
B) the sense of the position of the body
C) the sense of smell
D) the sense of the body's temperature

Question 19

What are the basic functional units of the nervous system?

A) muscle fibers
B) heart cells
C) neurons
D) fibroblasts

Question 20

What is the network of nerves that radiates out from the brain and the spinal cord part of?

A) the central nervous system
B) interneurons
C) the peripheral nervous system
D) neurotransmitters

Question 21

What part of the neuron receives nerve impulses and acts as an "antenna"?

A) axon
B) cell body
C) dendrite
D) nerve

Question 22

What process occurs when potassium ions diffuse out of a nerve cell and the inside of the cell again becomes more negative than the outside?

A) depolarization
B) polarization
C) repolarization
D) threshold

Question 23

Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling muscle movement, balance, and coordination?

A) cerebellum
B) thalamus
C) hypothalamus
D) cerebrum

Question 24

What part of the brain is highly developed in animals that have finely tuned balance and complex coordination?

A) cerebellum
B) medulla
C) thalamus
D) temporal lobe

Question 25

What is the function of glial cells?

A) They carry messages.
B) They protect and cushion the brain.
C) They support neurons by supplying nutrients.
D) They move waste products out of the brain.

Question 26

How would the speed at which the electrochemical impulse travels down the axon be affected by decreased myelination of an axon?

A) It would decrease.
B) It would increase.
C) It would maximize.
D) It would have no effect.

Question 27

What differences have neurobiologists detected in the brains of people with ADD?

A) increased folding in the cerebral cortex
B) enlarged caudate nucleus in the left hemisphere
C) enlarged cerebellum
D) decreased volume of the cerebral cortex

Question 28

Huntington's disease is a fatal disorder characterized by abnormal muscle movements called chorea. Based on your knowledge of the nervous system, which brain region would be disrupted by Huntington's disease?

A) thalamus
B) midbrain
C) caudate nucleus
D) corpus callosum

Question 29

How would the movement of a nerve impulse be described?

A) the change in the magnetic field along a neuron
B) the passage of ions through the membrane of a neuron
C) the movement of tiny filaments inside a neuron
D) the change in a neuron so that the inside becomes more negatively charged

Question 30

Scientists have known for centuries that we "speak" with the left hemisphere of the brain. You perform an experiment in which your subject was presented with an apple only to the left visual field. When asked to identify what he saw, the subject denied seeing anything. However, when asked to point to the correct object, he was able to see and identify the apple. Which reason would explain this deficit?

A) The subject has a brain lesion in the frontal lobes.
B) The subject suffered head trauma to the back of his head.
C) The subject has a tumor in the left parietal lobe.
D) The subject had his corpus callosum severed to control epileptic seizures.

Question 31

Where are higher brain functions, such as creativity and analytical skills, centered?

A) corpus callosum
B) hypothalamus
C) spinal cord
D) cerebrum

Question 32

A person you know has been in an automobile accident. After the accident, you notice a dramatic personality change. Before the accident, he was industrious and well liked; after the accident, he is profane, impetuous, and incapable of working toward a goal. Which portion of the brain was most likely damaged?

A) occipital lobe
B) temporal lobe
C) frontal lobe
D) parietal lobe

Question 33

When a neuron is at rest, what maintains the high concentration gradients of potassium ions inside the cell and sodium ions outside the cell?

A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) active transport
D) ion channels

Question 34

Which word best describes the hypothalamus?

A) processor
B) reflexor
C) regulator
D) transmitter

Question 35

Why is it important that you take care of your neurons?

A) They are able to divide rapidly and can be turned into cancer cells.
B) They only undergo mitosis after the brain has obtained enough sleep.
C) They are unable to divide by mitosis.
D) They are very susceptible to mutations of their DNA.

Question 36

What does the corpus callosum connect?

A) cerebellum and spinal cord
B) right and left cerebral hemispheres
C) pituitary and the hypothalamus
D) gray and white matter of the spinal cord

Question 37

Following a medical examination, an individual discovers that she has a large tumor located in the area of the brain known as the reticular formation, located in the lower part of the brain stem. Which symptoms would this person experience as a consequence?

A) difficulty swallowing and breathing
B) inability to feel pain
C) inability to maintain balance
D) difficulty concentrating in a noisy room

Question 38

Where are the visual centers located?

A) in the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex
B) in the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex
C) in the lobes of the cerebral cortex
D) in the parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex

Question 39

Which word best describes the thalamus?

A) processor
B) reflexor
C) regulator
D) transmitter

Question 40

Damage to which of the following brain structures is most likely to be fatal?

A) caudate nuclei
B) cerebellum
C) brain stem
D) cerebrum

Question 41

A drug called ouabain specifically inhibits the sodium-potassium pump present in neuron cells. Over time, what would this action of ouabain cause?

A) the inside of the neuron to become more negative
B) repolarization
C) elimination of a concentration gradient
D) more potassium to be transported into the neuron

Question 42

During synaptic transmission across a typical synapse, which action occurs?

A) Sodium ions flow into the membrane of the presynaptic neuron.
B) The binding of neurotransmitters triggers the release of potassium ions by the presynaptic neuron.
C) Vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules diffuse to the receiving neuron's plasma membrane.
D) Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Question 43

Ritalin, like cocaine and amphetamines, acts by increasing the concentration of which neurotransmitter in neuronal synapses?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 44

What is the impulse that travels down a neuron's axon?

A) shock signal
B) action potential
C) currenter
D) resistor

Question 45

What part of the neuron houses the nucleus?

A) axon
B) cell body
C) dendrite
D) nerve

Question 46

Where in the nerve pathway do drugs have their primary effect?

A) axons
B) dendrites
C) synapses
D) myelin sheaths

Question 47

What releases neurotransmitters?

A) terminal boutons
B) the cell body
C) dendrites
D) myelin sheaths

Question 48

What would a drug that caused sodium to leak into a neuron do?

A) It would cause the outside of the neuron to become more positive.
B) It would trigger an action potential in the neuron.
C) It would cause the inside of the neuron to become more negative.
D) It would cause potassium to move into the neuron as well.

Question 49

What would a nerve poison that blocked neurotransmitter receptors on the dendrites do?

A) It would cause continued stimulation of the membrane of the receiving neuron.
B) It would prevent transmission across the synaptic cleft.
C) It would inhibit the regeneration of neurotransmitter for use by the synaptic knobs.
D) It would inactivate the enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter.

Question 50

Refer to the figure for the following question: Drug addiction is characterized by tolerance, in which the user must ingest more of the drug to obtain the same effect. Cellularly, tolerance can be explained by the fact that prolonged use of a drug such as cocaine leads to ________ in the number of receptor proteins present in the postsynaptic neuron.

A) an increase
B) a decrease
C) no change
D) a regulation

Question 51

Which action causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules?

A) the reception of a signal from the postsynaptic neuron
B) an electrical signal reaching the end of the cell body
C) an electrical signal reaching the terminal bouton
D) an electrical signal reaching the beginning of the dendrite

Question 52

What does polarization refer to?

A) the electrical signal generated by neurons
B) the lack of concentration gradient for sodium
C) the decrease in charge difference across a membrane
D) the difference in charge across a membrane

Question 53

What is happening when a neuron is at rest before an action potential?

A) The membrane is depolarized.
B) Membrane ion channels are open.
C) Potassium is diffusing out of the cell.
D) The inside of the neuron is negative relative to just outside the neuron.

Question 54

An individual has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a disease that leads to deterioration of the myelin sheath that covers some neurons. What is a likely physical symptom of this disease?

A) inability to control muscle movements
B) progressive memory loss
C) feeling of euphoria
D) inability to concentrate in chaotic situations

Question 55

Action potential begins when which of the following occurs?

A) The inside of the neuron becomes more negative relative to the outside.
B) Sodium channels open sequentially.
C) The membrane becomes depolarized.
D) Potassium ions diffuse to allow repolarization of the cell.

Question 56

Prozac is used as an antidepressant and acts by inhibiting the reuptake of which neurotransmitter in neuronal synapses?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) glutamate

Question 57

Which neurotransmitter is a target for therapeutic treatment in Alzheimer's disease?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) glutamate

Question 58

What provides a connection between two neurons?

A) a synapse
B) a cell body
C) an axon
D) dendrites

Question 59

You suspect that your roommate may be abusing drugs. He exhibits the following symptoms: aggressiveness, bursts of extreme energy followed by "crash" periods, and delusions. Which drug may be responsible?

A) amphetamines
B) LSD
C) marijuana
D) heroin

Question 60

Which drug, when taken by an adult, will produce similar symptoms as the symptoms of a child with ADD?

A) alcohol
B) ecstasy
C) marijuana
D) nicotine

Question 61

What condition may be caused by the loss of dopamine leading to motor symptoms, including tremors, rigidity, and slowed movements?

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Huntington's disease
C) Parkinson's disease
D) depression

Question 62

Which disorder is characterized by mental deterioration and loss of bodily functions?

A) Parkinson's disease
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) attention deficit disorder (ADD)
D) depression

Question 63

Which structure is directly associated with synaptic transmission?

A) axon
B) vesicles
C) nodes of Ranvier
D) cell body

Question 64

The function of which household appliance accurately describes the removal of neurotransmitters from the synapse?

A) blender
B) toaster
C) vacuum cleaner
D) coffee grinder

Question 65

Which neurotransmitter is involved in both Parkinson's disease and ADD?

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) GABA

Question 66

Abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter may be involved in producing the symptoms of ADD?

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) GABA

Question 67

What substances in the body are most closely associated with a drug's influence on the nervous system?

A) endorphins
B) sodium and potassium ions
C) neurotransmitters
D) proteins

Question 68

True or false: Electrical signals travel faster down unmyelinated axons than myelinated axons.