Deck 14: Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

What is known regarding the role genetics plays in influencing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A) There appears to be multiple genetic influences.
B) There are no known genetic influences.
C) There appears to be a single gene of influence.
D) Defects on the Y chromosome are the major influence.

Answer 1

There appears to be multiple genetic influences.

Question 2

Although psychological disorders are not classified as developmental disorders,why can many-if not most-psychological disorders be considered developmental?

A) because they lack biological causes and are influenced by learning
B) because they have a genetic component
C) because they change over time
D) because they are first diagnosed in childhood

Answer 2

because they change over time

Question 3

Why is accurately identifying a developmental disorder at an early stage so important?

A) It is important so that specific deficits can be addressed before they affect the subsequent development of other skill domains.
B) It is important because family functioning often declines as the disorder progresses and may cause further impairment.
C) It is important because medications are most effective when administered at an early stage of the disorder.
D) It is important because children are more receptive to therapy when they are young.

Answer 3

It is important so that specific deficits can be addressed before they affect the subsequent development of other skill domains.

Question 4

Mrs.Farthington is starting as a principal at a new school with 500 students.About how many children with ADHD can she expect to be students at her school?

A) 10
B) 30
C) 50
D) 70

Question 5

Ritalin and Concerta are medications generally used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.How are these medications classified?

A) as antidepressants
B) as minor sedatives
C) as stimulants
D) as cognitive moderators

Question 6

It was once thought that "echolalia" was a sign of autism.What is the current belief about echolalia?

A) Echolalia is a symptom of expressive language disorder, which often co-occurs with autism.
B) Echolalia is a sign the child also may have schizophrenia.
C) Echolalia in children with autism spectrum disorder is just a sign of delayed language skills, not a symptom of their disorder.
D) Echolalia is frequently associated with mild intellectual disability.

Question 7

Ronny is six years old.His behaviour is characterized by inattention,bullying,temper tantrums,stubbornness,and fidgeting.He is easily distracted,fails to finish anything he starts,often acts impulsively,and requires constant supervision.He is constantly on the go,running and climbing on things,and he cannot wait his turn in games or lines.What disorder does Ronny most likely have?

A) oppositional defiant disorder
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C) conduct disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 8

You know that there are eight boys with ADHD at a given school.How many girls with ADHD would you expect at that same school?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 9

Johnny is a two-year-old boy who has no motivation to interact with other people.His absence of interest in people may also lead to severe deficits in certain abilities.Which of the following is one such ability?

A) amusing himself
B) thinking
C) communication
D) education

Question 10

Controversy exists about the use of stimulant medications to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Which of the following is a concern?

A) the use of medications to control what are essentially problems of parental discipline
B) the high risk of addiction to these drugs
C) the long-term effects of these drugs on the developing brain
D) stimulant drugs' potential for abuse

Question 11

What did a longitudinal study of boys diagnosed with ADHD and a comparison group without ADHD find?

A) 74% were employed compared to 80% in the comparison group.
B) Males in the study were employed at jobs with lower status than the comparison group who did not have ADHD.
C) Most did not complete high school.
D) There were no differences in employment level or employment status between the ADHD group and the comparison group.

Question 12

Alicia is pregnant and continues to smoke cigarettes throughout her pregnancy.How much more likely is she to have a child diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder than a mother who does not smoke during pregnancy?

A) no more likely
B) two times more likely
C) three times more likely
D) five times more likely

Question 13

How does attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)develop as children grow into adulthood?

A) Manifestations of ADHD tend to change over time, but many problems often persist.
B) Specific symptoms remain relatively stable throughout the life span for most individuals.
C) ADHD tends to evolve into more severe forms of pathology.
D) Children tend to outgrow ADHD.

Question 14

Two alternative reasons have been proposed to explain why children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)have problems with academic performance.One is that ADHD symptoms directly inhibit school performance.What is the other reason?

A) Parenting skills are impaired because of the stress of dealing with the symptoms of ADHD.
B) Social difficulties make school a negative experience for children with ADHD.
C) A brain impairment associated with ADHD inhibits academic ability.
D) Dietary factors responsible for ADHD limit school performance.

Question 15

Ian has ADHD.When neurologists image his brain,what are they most likely to find?

A) Ian shows overactivity in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia.
B) Ian's brain is larger than is typical.
C) Ian's brain is smaller than is typical.
D) Ian shows underactivity in the left hemisphere and brain stem.

Question 16

Alex has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.He showed six different indicators of hyperactivity/impulsivity.What must he also have demonstrated for this diagnosis?

A) Six behaviours from the inattention cluster.
B) Six behaviours from the distractibility cluster.
C) Four behaviours from the compulsivity cluster.
D) Four behaviours from the distractibility cluster.

Question 17

How does an individual diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder present?

A) with both patterns of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity
B) with hyperactive behaviour that alternates with periods of distraction
C) with patterns of inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity
D) with periods of distraction that lead to hyperactive/impulsive behaviour

Question 18

Sam has ADHD and he isn't popular with his fourth-grade classmates.What is the most probable reason that Sam is not popular?

A) Sam's ADHD behaviours make children ignore Sam and prevent friendships from being formed.
B) Sam's ADHD involves social-communication deficits.
C) Sam has no desire to socialize because of his ADHD.
D) Sam has been stigmatized by his teachers due to his ADHD.

Question 19

Daniel shows hyperactivity but not inattention.What will a psychiatrist say when Daniel is assessed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Symptoms must be present in both symptom clusters.
B) Symptoms must be present in the area of impulsivity.
C) Symptoms must be present in either of the symptom clusters.
D) Symptoms must be present in the hyperactivity cluster.

Question 20

Adil has been diagnosed with ADHD and a second disorder.What is that second disorder MOST likely to be?

A) autism spectrum disorder
B) conduct disorder
C) learning disorders
D) anorexia

Question 21

What is the most prevalent type of learning disorder?

A) oral communication disorders
B) mathematics disorders
C) disorders of written expression
D) reading disorders

Question 22

Which of the following is most problematic for a child with autism spectrum disorder?

A) impairment in social interactions
B) hyperactivity
C) significant intellectual impairment
D) tics and movement disorders

Question 23

Anne's son Evan has ADHD,but she doesn't want to give him medication.What alternative treatment could Anne choose?

A) brief, inpatient treatment at a specialty hospital
B) individual cognitive-behavioural therapy
C) social-skills training
D) behavioural programs and parent training

Question 24

Tiara is an adolescent with a learning disorder.Tiara may be particularly vulnerable to which of the following?

A) substance use disorders
B) obesity
C) low self-esteem
D) committing sexual assault

Question 25

Research John Connolly put forth provides evidence for a neurobiological cause of dyslexia.What did his research show?

A) weaker or delayed neural responses when reading in people with dyslexia compared with controls
B) right hemisphere language processing for people with dyslexia, left hemisphere for controls
C) fewer neural connections in the left hemisphere of people with dyslexia compared with controls
D) a 50% concordance rate in dyslexia between identical twins

Question 26

Which of the following is a type of tic disorder?

A) autistic disorder
B) selective mutism
C) Tourette's disorder
D) coprolalia

Question 27

Rod and Todd are identical twins.Rod has a reading disorder,what is probability that Todd also has a reading disorder?

A) about 30 percent
B) about 40 percent
C) about 60 percent
D) about 100 percent

Question 28

Kathy has deficient writing skills.Her writing is characterized by numerous errors in spelling,punctuation,and grammar,and she has difficulty in composing sentences and paragraphs.Although she is only eight years old,she lags behind her classmates in writing skills.Which disorder does Kathy have?

A) articulation disorder
B) mathematics disorder
C) oral communication disorder
D) disorder of written expression

Question 29

When a child with a learning disability does not receive special education,what is the average length of employment at a given job for them as an adult?

A) one week
B) one month
C) three months
D) one year

Question 30

Three options of treatment have been presented to a nine-year-old boy recently diagnosed with ADHD: medication treatment (e.g.,Ritalin)alone,intensive behavioural therapy alone,or a combination of the two.What would the research recommend?

A) Medication alone and the combination of medication and behavioural therapy both are superior to behavioural therapy alone.
B) Behavioural therapy alone is superior both to medication alone and to the combination of the two approaches.
C) Medication alone is superior to both behavioural therapy and the combination of the two approaches.
D) The combination of medication and behavioural therapy is superior to either approach alone.

Question 31

Jack is a 12-year-old boy whose IQ score indicates he is of average intelligence.He loves school and works hard on his homework.Jack has A's in all his subjects except a C in math.Does Jack have a learning disorder and,if so,which one?

A) Jack does not appear to have a learning disorder because his achievement is consistent with expectations based on his intelligence.
B) Jack does not appear to have a learning disorder because he has shown that he can achieve when he wants to.
C) Jack appears to have a math disorder because there is a discrepancy between his intelligence and his achievement in many subjects.
D) Jack appears to have a math disorder because his math grade is so far below his other grades.

Question 32

Alvin is a ten-year-old boy diagnosed with a mathematics disorder.What will his treatment plan most likely involve?

A) teaching him different strategies to strengthen areas where he has difficulty
B) helping him to excel in other areas to compensate for his deficits in mathematics
C) teaching him relaxation skills to reduce his math anxiety
D) giving him exercises to help develop the behavioural skill of reading aloud

Question 33

Which disorder that falls under the umbrella of autism spectrum disorder is found almost exclusively in females and is characterized by constant hand-wringing,intellectual disability,and impaired motor skills?

A) Asperger's disorder
B) Rett disorder
C) childhood disintegrative disorder
D) autistic disorder

Question 34

Recently,George,a 10-year-old boy,was diagnosed with ADHD.Three options of treatment have been presented to his parents for consideration: medication treatment lone,intensive behavioural therapy alone,or a combination of the two.What would the research recommend?

A) The combination of medication and behavioural therapy is superior to either approach alone.
B) Medication alone and the combination of medication and behavioural therapy both are superior to behavioural therapy alone.
C) Behavioural therapy alone is superior both to medication alone and to the combination of the two approaches.
D) Medication alone is superior to both behavioural therapy and the combination of the two approaches.

Question 35

Which of the following intervention strategies is the most effective treatment for reading disorders?

A) the phonology training program
B) the strategy training program
C) the goal-setting program
D) the strategy and phonology program

Question 36

What is a learning disorder?

A) achievement in reading, writing, or math below the level predicted by the individual's age, IQ, and education
B) the existence of a neurological deficit that interferes with the individual's ability to assimilate new information
C) achievement in any academic subject below the level predicted by the individual's age, IQ, and education
D) a substandard IQ score in comparison to the individual's family and educational background

Question 37

In a school with 100 children,how many would have a mathematics learning disorder?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 12

Question 38

Approximately what percentage of Canadian children have a learning disorder?

A) 1 percent
B) 3 percent
C) 5 percent
D) 12 percent

Question 39

According to Statistics Canada (1996),of the population of children who were recorded has having some form of disability,approximately what percentage had a "learning disability"?

A) 15 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 40

Samantha,a Grade 6 girl,has difficulty in school.She pays attention and works hard but appears to have trouble remembering facts and concepts that she has read about.An assessment of Samantha's learning disorder could involve administering intelligence and achievement tests.In which of the following scenarios would Samantha most likely be diagnosed as having a reading learning disorder?

A) if her intelligence test scores were significantly higher than her school grades in reading
B) if she scored one standard deviation above average on an intelligence test but one standard deviation below average on an achievement test tapping reading skills
C) if her scores on a reading test were significantly lower than her scores on a mathematics test
D) if her scores on both kinds of tests were significantly higher than her school grades

Question 41

What does research regarding the behaviour of the parents of children with autism spectrum disorder suggest?

A) that autism is the result of cold and aloof parenting
B) that autism is not the result of parenting behaviours
C) that autism is the result of a complex interaction of genetics and parenting style
D) that autism is the result of an overindulgent parenting style

Question 42

Theo has autism spectrum disorder.Which of the following characteristics does Theo MOST likely exhibit?

A) a lack of interest in people
B) clumsiness and poor coordination
C) hyperactivity
D) impulsivity

Question 43

One view of the social deficits of people with autism spectrum disorder is that they lack a theory of mind.Other researchers have argued that problems on theory-of-mind tasks may have another cause.What might that cause be?

A) an unwillingness to carry on conversations with others
B) an inability to pretend
C) attention deficits
D) more general difficulties with executive functioning

Question 44

What has cross-cultural research indicated about autism spectrum disorder?

A) It is more common in wealthy countries.
B) It is predominantly found in Western cultures and countries.
C) It is predominantly found in North America.
D) It is universal across cultures and countries.

Question 45

The DSM-5 category of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)includes the disorders from which group of disorders from the DSM-IV-R?

A) pervasive developmental disorders
B) conduct disorders
C) social functioning disorders
D) language processing disorders

Question 46

Joseph,a ten-year-old boy with autism spectrum disorder,likes to walk through the halls of his home touching all the doorknobs.One day,a visiting relative is standing in front of one of the doors,preventing Joseph from touching the doorknob.What will most likely occur?

A) Joseph will ignore the relative and carry on to the next door.
B) Joseph will use echolalia speech to inform the relative that he needs that person to move.
C) Joseph will have a tantrum.
D) Joseph will stop and participate in a different actively.

Question 47

When sitting with a parent in front of a favourite toy,young children will typically look back and forth between the parent and toy,smiling,in an attempt to engage the parent with the toy.What would a child with autism spectrum disorder most likely do in this situation?

A) The child would not display this behaviour at all with the parent.
B) The child would engage in this behaviour only after watching another child do so.
C) The child would typically talk to the toy but not to the parent.
D) The child would show little or no interest in the toy.

Question 48

According to recent estimates,approximately how common is autism spectrum disorder?

A) about one case in every 50 births
B) about one case in every 75 births
C) about one case in every 100 births
D) about one case in every 110 births

Question 49

Caleb has the restricted pattern of behaviour observed in children with autism spectrum disorder.What does Caleb have trouble with?

A) communication
B) recognition
C) change
D) movement

Question 50

The risk of having a child with autism spectrum disorder is approximately 0.0002 to 0.0005 percent for the general population.For parents who already have a child with autism spectrum disorder,what is their risk of having another child with autism spectrum disorder?

A) 1 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 10percent
D) 20 percent

Question 51

Jean is a 14-year-old girl with autism spectrum disorder who seems compelled to run around touching each door every time she comes home.Which characteristic of her autism will cause Jean to have a tantrum if she is prevented from touching each door?

A) maintenance of sameness
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) ritualistic behaviour
D) restricted behaviour pattern

Question 52

In the DSM-5,autism spectrum disorder includes all of the disorders listed as a "pervasive developmental disorder" EXCEPT for which of the following?

A) Rett disorder
B) Asperger's disorder
C) childhood integrative disorder
D) pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

Question 53

Four-year-old Ava has just been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.Her parents ask a specialist how likely it is that Ava will develop speech.What does the specialist tell them?

A) Approximately one out of every ten children with ASD develops speech.
B) Approximately one out of every four children with ASD develops speech.
C) Approximately one out of every two children with ASD develops speech.
D) Approximately three out of every four children with ASD develop speech.

Question 54

Gender differences for autism vary,but some factual evidence has been found regarding gender and IQ.Which of the following is the most likely autism diagnosis?

A) Your daughter Sarah has an IQ score of under 35.
B) Your son Thomas has an IQ score of under 35.
C) Your daughter Diana has an IQ score of over 100.
D) Your son John has an IQ score of 65.

Question 55

What convincing evidence is there that autism spectrum disorder involves some form of brain damage?

A) Most children with autism spectrum disorder suffered some form of brain trauma at birth.
B) Autism runs in families.
C) Seventy-five percent of individuals with autism have severe cognitive deficits.
D) Autism develops fairly quickly and at a young age.

Question 56

In terms of the level of support that will be necessary for a child with autism spectrum disorder,what factor is used as a predictor to determine the prognosis?

A) severity of initial symptoms
B) rate of symptom progression
C) IQ
D) age of onset

Question 57

Monty is a three-year-old boy who has recently been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.He appears completely unresponsive to his parents and shows no indication of any language development.Monty seems uninterested in communication of any kind,and he has rituals-such as lining up his toys and realigning them every few minutes.If interrupted,he becomes hysterical.Monty's IQ score was extremely low.Why can we expect his prognosis to be poor?

A) primarily because of his ritualistic behaviour and disinterest in his parents
B) primarily because of his early age of onset and lack of language acquisition
C) primarily because of his low IQ and early age of onset
D) primarily because of his lack of language acquisition and low IQ

Question 58

Marcus is unresponsive to most social stimuli.He rarely smiles,talks,or makes eye contact with others.He seems indifferent to everyone,including his parents.He engages in solitary,ritualistic behaviours.He sometimes goes into sudden tantrums or panics.He also insists on the same familiar food each day.What condition does Marcus appear to have?

A) childhood schizophrenia
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) impulsivity
D) avoidant disorder

Question 59

What is the relationship between autism and medical conditions such as German measles and tuberous sclerosis,and difficulties during pregnancy and labour?

A) Most cases of autism are directly caused by some form of early infection or disease.
B) Certain medical conditions, such as those mentioned above, result in autism in some cases, but not always.
C) There is no empirical evidence that suggests a relationship exists between autism and any known medical disorder.
D) Certain medical conditions are known to interact with a particular parenting style to produce autism in a vulnerable child.

Question 60

A child diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome using the DSM-IV-R would receive which diagnosis using the DSM-5?

A) pervasive developmental disorder
B) social functioning disorder
C) autism spectrum disorder
D) childhood disintegrative disorder

Question 61

Beth and Tim have recently discovered that their three-year-old daughter has autism spectrum disorder.Beth and Tim are both nutrition fanatics and are convinced that they can cure their daughter with vitamins and diet.What would you tell Beth and Tim?

A) Vitamins and diet are currently being investigated as a promising treatment for autism, but the results are too preliminary to draw any conclusions.
B) Vitamins and diet have been shown to be effective, but the gains are not sufficient to be considered a cure.
C) Vitamins and diet do not appear to be an effective treatment for autism.
D) Vitamins and diet may improve their daughter's symptoms, but it is necessary to consult a professional to determine exactly which dietary deficiencies may be involved.

Question 62

In the early days of therapy for autism,the psychodynamic approach focused on encouraging ego support.Why is this so?

A) because psychodynamic theorists believed one of the primary causes was physical abnormalities
B) because psychodynamic theorists believed one of the primary causes was improper parenting
C) because psychodynamic theorists believed one of the primary causes was bullying by siblings
D) because psychodynamic theorists believed one of the primary causes was poor or negative bonding

Question 63

What are the four levels of intellectual disability identified in the DSM-5?

A) mild, moderate, severe, profound
B) educable, trainable, severe, profound
C) slight, moderate, profound, intensive
D) borderline, custodial care, intermittent care, pervasive care

Question 64

Treatment for autism is most similar to the treatment for which of the following?

A) learning disorders
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C) intellectual disability
D) personality disorders

Question 65

For which of the following disorders has the historical treatment for those suffering from it been described as shameful?

A) depression
B) schizophrenia
C) autism
D) intellectual disability

Question 66

Generally speaking,what should the treatment for a child with autism spectrum disorder involve?

A) behavioural therapy, home schooling, and a focus on developing as much independence as possible
B) cognitive therapy, school-based education, and a focus on developing as much independence as possible
C) behavioural therapy, school-based education, and a focus on developing as much independence as possible
D) behavioural therapy and a focus on provisions for long-term custodial care

Question 67

How does the DSM-5 define intellectual disability?

A) significantly below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning
B) significantly below-average intellectual ability
C) significant impairment in self-care abilities
D) low IQ

Question 68

What do individuals with intellectual disability show?

A) similar types of deficits, although the degree of deficit varies greatly
B) similar types and degree of deficits
C) varied types and degree of deficits
D) varied types of deficits, although the degree of deficit tends to be quite similar

Question 69

According to the brain scans of individuals with autism spectrum disorder,which area of the brain may be involved with the disorder?

A) the brain stem
B) the hypothalamus
C) the reticular formation
D) the cerebellum

Question 70

According to research by Lovaas (1987),when do children with autism spectrum disorder show the greatest intellectual and educational improvement?

A) when they are treated in group behavioural therapy
B) when they are placed in special education classrooms
C) when they are placed in regular classrooms
D) when they are treated with medication

Question 71

Jane is a 14-year-old girl with autism spectrum disorder currently participating in a behavioural social skills training program for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.What is Jane's most likely outcome?

A) some increase in the quality of her social skills, but little increase in the quantity of socialization
B) no progress at all
C) relatively normal socialization for her age
D) some increase in the quantity of socialization in which she participates, but little improvement in the quality of socialization

Question 72

What are the DSM-5 criteria for intellectual disability?

A) IQ approximately 70 or below, deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset prior to age 18
B) IQ approximately 65 or below and deficits in adaptive functioning, with onset at any age
C) IQ approximately 70 or below and onset prior to age 18
D) IQ approximately 60 or below, deficits in communication, and onset prior to age 18

Question 73

What is the goal of most modern therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder?

A) to immerse children with autism spectrum disorder in intensive therapy for as long as possible before attempting to introduce them into the larger world
B) to have the child with autism spectrum disorder and their family accept the inherent limitations of the disorder
C) to provide a separate, but safe and secure, environment for the individual with autism spectrum disorder
D) to integrate the child with autism spectrum disorder into regular society as much as possible

Question 74

What have the results of behavioural treatment targeting the socialization deficits of individuals with autism spectrum disorder shown?

A) some improvement in the quality of socialization but little improvement in the quantity of social contacts
B) some improvement in quantity of socialization but little improvement in the quality of social contacts
C) no improvement
D) substantial improvement in both the quantity and quality of social contacts

Question 75

Research by Lovaas (1987)suggests that an important element of intervention efforts with children with autism spectrum disorder is inclusion,such as helping children fully participate in the social and academic life of their peers.What does your textbook also note about inclusion?

A) It is especially important during adolescence.
B) It is not part of most models of early intervention.
C) It is helpful primarily for those with less severe forms of the disorder.
D) It applies not only to school but also to all aspects of life.

Question 76

Which of the following has produced some success in the development of communication skills for children with autism spectrum disorder?

A) the use of modelling appropriate communication styles
B) the use of intensive therapy where the patient is placed in many social situations
C) the use of stimulant medications
D) the use of behavioural procedures involving shaping and discrimination training

Question 77

Sophie has autism spectrum disorder and is not responding to the speech-training technique known as "shaping and discrimination training." What other form of treatment might her therapist choose?

A) They can use children's music videos that have simple, repetitive lyrics.
B) They can use imitation techniques.
C) They can place the children in settings with other children with autism spectrum disorder without speech, so these children can develop their own methods of communication.
D) They can use devices with vocal output.

Question 78

According to research by Lovaas (1987),which type of intervention programs have shown improvements in the intellectual and educational functioning of children with autism spectrum disorder?

A) programs that use a group therapy model
B) programs that are school based
C) programs that provide multiple therapists
D) programs that meet one-on-one for 40 hours per week

Question 79

Your textbook describes the case study of a 21-year-old man with a diagnosis of autism but no other neurological disorders or severe cognitive deficits.What did an MRI scan of his brain show?

A) an abnormally small cerebellum
B) evidence of a viral infection
C) the presence of tumour-like nodules
D) enlarged left ventricles

Question 80

It was once believed that the unusual speech patterns of some individuals with autism spectrum disorder were due to a characteristic lack of self-awareness.Later research showed that a lack of self-concept in some individuals with autism spectrum disorder is probably due to another factor.What is that factor?

A) dysfunctional patterns of communication with the parents
B) being treated by others as a baby because of the autism
C) cognitive disabilities or delays instead of autism itself
D) an abnormally small cerebellum