Deck 7: Attention and Memory

Question 1

Sleep disturbances disrupt memory because of:

A) consolidation
B) transience
C) consciousness
D) analogies

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain is called:

A) concurrent storage
B) equity of distribution
C) connectivity
D) equipotentiality

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Even though Manuel has watched his psychology professor lecture three times a week for 10 weeks,he does not know what color her hair is.This lack of knowledge most likely represents a failure of:

A) sensation
B) encoding
C) retrieval
D) rehearsal

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Yesterday you taught your dog to crawl across the floor while barking.If the dog is to perform this fabulous trick tomorrow,then he will need to _____ the trick,then _____ the trick,then _____ the trick.

A) encode; store; retrieve
B) store; encode; retrieve
C) rehearse; store; retrieve
D) store; rehearse; retrieve

Question 5

Uchenna has been studying for his philosophy midterm all day.It is now 3:00 AM,and the exam is at 8:00 AM the same morning.The best thing that Uchenna can do now to increase his chances of doing well on the exam is to:

A) keep reviewing the material
B) relate the material he has learned to his own life
C) get some sleep
D) write some sample essays

Question 6

You witness an accident and see one of the cars driving away from the scene.Even though you have just seen the license plate,you cannot remember the number.The license plate was probably NOT initially:

A) encoded
B) ignored
C) rehearsed
D) processed

Question 7

What are the three steps in memory information processing?

A) input, storage, retrieval
B) encoding, storage, retrieval
C) encoding, retrieval, storage
D) input, processing, output

Question 8

Lashley's idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain is contradicted by the idea of:

A) equipotentiality
B) consolidation
C) fire together, wire together
D) concurrent storage

Question 9

Recent research suggests that negative memories may be erased through:

A) blocking of reconsolidation
B) lack of sleep
C) schemas
D) fMRI studies

Question 10

Memory requires attention.If you want to remember something well,it is best to _____ because _____.

A) attend to only one thing at a time; attention is limited
B) attend to only one thing at a time; attention is unlimited
C) keep attention relatively unfocused; attention is limited
D) do only easy tasks; attention is unlimited

Question 11

The phase of information processing that is most similar to a Google search is:

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) rehearsal

Question 12

Digitally editing a photograph on a computer is analogous to which memory process?

A) spreading activation
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) reconsolidation
D) retrieval

Question 13

The storage phase of information processing lasts:

A) a fraction of a second
B) several seconds
C) several minutes
D) variable amounts of time

Question 14

Changes in the strength of neural connections and construction of new synapses is the process of:

A) retrieval
B) encoding
C) consolidation
D) rehearsal

Question 15

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:

A) encoding
B) rehearsal
C) retrieval
D) storage

Question 16

When you recall a memory of your best friend's face,you are activating the cortical circuits in the _____ cortex involved in _____ her face.

A) visual; storing
B) visual; perceiving
C) spatial; storing
D) spatial; perceiving

Question 17

Memory is stored in which area of the brain?

A) hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) amygdala
D) all of the above

Question 18

When you are studying for an exam,the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating and strengthening the connections among neurons is the:

A) medial temporal lobe
B) posterior parietal lobe
C) left frontal lobe
D) right temporal lobe

Question 19

Research on memory consolidation reveals that memories:

A) are aided by sleep
B) are stored as exact copies of experience
C) are easy to duplicate
D) none of the above

Question 20

The information processing model of memory is based on computer functioning and consists of all of the following stages EXCEPT:

A) retrieval
B) storage
C) encoding
D) processing

Question 21

Marianna takes the bus to school every day.One morning,a different bus is used on her route.Marianna does not notice the change,even though her usual bus is blue and white and the new bus is green and black.Marianna is showing:

A) change blindness
B) tip-of-the-tongue
C) blocking
D) transience

Question 22

Filter theory was developed to explain:

A) change blindness
B) the selective nature of attention
C) the processing of personally irrelevant information
D) shadowing

Question 23

Why is memory not a perfect record of everything we see and experience?

A) We need to remember details of events.
B) It would take up too much of our limited long-term memory storage.
C) Attention is limited.
D) Neural networks are too limited.

Question 24

Change blindness seems _____ because it makes us_____ information.

A) adaptive; focus on important
B) adaptive; limit confusing
C) maladaptive; reduce the amount of
D) maladaptive; miss critical

Question 25

Animation works by presenting still pictures rapidly enough that they merge in iconic memory.How much time can elapse between each successive picture if animation is to work?

A) several minutes
B) 1/1000th of a second
C) 1/3 of a second
D) variable amounts of time

Question 26

As a participant in a psychology experiment,Michael is shadowing a physics passage in his right ear while hearing a novel being read in his left ear.Michael wants to get done so he can go home and watch the big game.If a sentence giving the score in the game is inserted into the passage from the novel,Michael is most likely to:

A) shadow the right ear material and attend to the left ear material
B) shadow the right ear material and ignore the left ear material
C) shadow the left ear material and ignore the right ear material
D) shadow the left ear material and attend to the right ear material

Question 27

Processing multiple types of information at the same time is referred to as:

A) encoding
B) parallel processing
C) multitasking
D) reconsolidation

Question 28

You are at a college basketball game and are watching the court carefully,but suddenly you are distracted by someone talking about an upcoming organic chemistry exam.This distraction is most likely due to the _____ of the discussion about the exam.

A) loudness
B) silliness
C) personal relevance
D) shadowing

Question 29

Broadbent's filter theory of attention assumed that selective attention was necessary because people have limited _____ capacity and thus must focus on the most _____ information.

A) short-term memory; important
B) sensory memory; important
C) short-term memory; transient
D) sensory memory; transient

Question 30

Who is LEAST likely to show change blindness?

A) college-age adults
B) older adults
C) people who are from the same racial group as the person they are speaking to
D) people who can maintain attention

Question 31

In order for us to experience the world as a continuous stream of information,one experience is kept in the brain while we move to the next experience.This overlap is a function of:

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) working memory
D) sensory memory

Question 32

Children with attention deficit disorder are distracted by everything in the environment rather than being able to choose what they want to focus on.These children are lacking in:

A) divided attention
B) automatic processing
C) selective attention
D) controlled processing

Question 33

Yelizaveta is talking to one of the caterers setting up for her sister's wedding.While Yelizaveta is answering her cell phone,a different member of the catering staff takes over.When Yelizaveta turns back to the conversation,she completely fails to notice that she is now talking to a different person.Yelizaveta is experiencing:

A) divided attention
B) change blindness
C) selective attention
D) serial processing

Question 34

Storage in this memory system is brief and represents a sensory experience:

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) all of the above

Question 35

When you read,your eyes fixate for a fraction of a second,and then jump to a new point in the text.Your reading experience is continuous because during the jump,the information from the last eye fixation is held in:

A) short-term memory
B) working memory
C) sensory memory
D) echoic memory

Question 36

It could be argued that change blindness is adaptive because it:

A) saves space in working memory
B) prioritizes important information
C) decreases encoding time and effort
D) reduces the need for rehearsal

Question 37

To remember more information,_____ can be used to organize information into meaningful units.

A) cognitive maps
B) chunking
C) association networks
D) none of the above

Question 38

You see all of a written word simultaneously,but you hear a spoken word over time.The memory that accumulates the sound of a word until it is formed as a unit is:

A) iconic memory
B) sensory memory
C) working memory
D) short-term memory

Question 39

In Treisman's model of visual attention,primitive features can be analyzed in parallel because:

A) a single system can handle all features simultaneously
B) separate systems analyze different features simultaneously
C) separate systems do rapid serial processing that mimics parallel processing
D) a single system focuses on a small subset of features simultaneously

Question 40

Short-term memory:

A) has a limited capacity
B) has an unlimited capacity
C) retains information for up to an hour
D) lasts a lifetime

Question 41

When you hear a story about a person you know,you will _____,which may lead to _____.

A) activate a script; additional recall of information you know about the person when you are asked to retell the story
B) activate a schema; additional recall of information you know about the person when you are asked to retell the story
C) activate a script; poorer understanding of the story
D) attach it to existing memories about the person; perfect memory of the story

Question 42

Harry was reading the textbook for his potions class and was trying to relate the material to his own experiences.According to the levels of processing model of memory,this would be considered:

A) deep processing
B) consolidation
C) shallow processing
D) transfiguration

Question 43

The brain is selective about the information that gets stored in long-term memory.This selectivity may be evolutionarily advantageous because:

A) only a limited amount of space is available in long-term memory
B) information that aids in reproduction and survival is emphasized
C) increased selectivity is associated with greater intelligence
D) selectivity improves the organization of information in long-term memory

Question 44

The best argument that long-term memory and short-term memory are separate entities is that:

A) brain damage can leave one but not the other memory intact
B) recent events are remembered better than most past events
C) recalling past events requires retrieval cues but recalling recent events does not
D) the recency effect can be disrupted but the primacy effect cannot

Question 45

While you are at the movies,the person sitting next to you coughs so loudly that you cannot hear part of an actor's line.However,you believe that you have heard the entire sentence,including the part masked by the cough.Your perception is possible because of:

A) long-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) iconic memory
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 46

A children's flipbook consists of a series of pictures of Mickey Mouse with his feet in slightly different positions.If you look at the pages one at a time,slowly,all you see are the individual pictures of Mickey.However,if you flip the pages quickly,you see Mickey running.This illusion is due to storage of the successive pictures in:

A) sensory memory
B) echoic memory
C) working memory
D) short-term memory

Question 47

As a friend gives you her new address over the phone,you realize that you do not have a pen to write it down.Approximately how long do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from your short-term memory?

A) about half a minute
B) several minutes
C) less than half a second
D) less than 1 second

Question 48

Professor Smith is doing research on fish.He refuses to learn his students' names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory,which could be better used for fish information.He is incorrect because:

A) different types of information, such as facts about fish and names of people, are stored in different parts of memory
B) the students' names would have been stored in short-term memory
C) long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information
D) the students' names that are preserved in long-term memory could be replaced later with different information

Question 49

Students frequently learn the Big Five personality model by using the acronym OCEAN,where each letter of the word corresponds to the first letter of one of the factors (openness,conscientiousness,extraversion,agreeableness,neuroticism).These students are using:

A) hierarchies
B) linkage
C) chunking
D) primitive features

Question 50

Even though he has already memorized his notes,Hao reviews them every night for the two weeks before the exam.This strategy is likely to _____ his performance due to _____.

A) hurt; cramming
B) hurt; spreading out his practice
C) help; cramming
D) help; spreading out his practice

Question 51

If you spend the same amount of time reviewing material as testing yourself on the material,you will learn more from _____ because of the increased _____ time.

A) reviewing; rehearsal
B) reviewing; retrieval
C) testing; retrieval
D) testing; rehearsal

Question 52

Even though they probably look at coins on a daily basis,most people are unlikely to be able to correctly identify which coin is a real quarter from an array of possible quarters because:

A) people do not pay attention to pennies
B) people do not pay attention to quarters
C) memories are transient
D) other things interfere with the memory of the quarter

Question 53

When remembering words on a list,people tend to remember words at the beginning of the list and words at the end of the list better than words in the middle of the list.This phenomenon is known as:

A) the serial position effect
B) retroactive interference
C) motivated forgetting
D) spreading activation effect

Question 54

Kumar is trying to remember who ran against John

A) working memory
B) sensory memory
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory
F) Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election. Kumar's search for information to answer this question is being carried out in his:

Question 55

People have better memories for events that involve negative emotions.According to an evolutionary perspective,this phenomenon suggests that negative emotions:

A) make information easier to rehearse
B) emphasize information important to survival
C) increase consolidation of information
D) act as mnemonics for information

Question 56

You are reading a book,and your friend John asks you a question.By the time you ask,"What did you say?" you hear his question.This effect is due to storage of information in the _____ for audition.

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) working memory
D) sensory memory

Question 57

Colt is an excellent quarterback.One skill that contributes to his ability is that he sees the players not just as individuals,but as units that can be called on to make different plays.This skill enables him to process the game more efficiently and to hold more information about the game in his short-term memory.Colt is using the memory strategy of:

A) visualization
B) imaging
C) chunking
D) linking

Question 58

As a research participant,you study this list of words: curtain,book,anger,dirt,plant,hunger,paper,sadness,sunshine,music,disease,surprise,fired,love,test,pizza,electricity.When you are later asked to recall the list,which of the following words are you most likely to have trouble remembering?

A) book
B) pizza
C) music
D) curtain

Question 59

In a serial position curve,words that are not part of either the primacy effect or the recency effect are:

A) forgotten
B) only partially learned
C) stored but not consolidated
D) unprocessed

Question 60

Shannon has a biology exam next week.To be sure that she really knows the material,she should:

A) cram the night before the test
B) test herself on the material
C) make up multiple-choice questions
D) use maintenance rehearsal

Question 61

On his way to get an afternoon snack,Jed walks by a billboard advertising hamburgers.He had intended to order an ice cream cone,but instead orders french fries.According to the spreading activation model,the hamburger made Jed want french fries because:

A) hamburgers and french fries are part of the prospective memory
B) hamburgers activated the nodes for french fries
C) hamburgers were encoded with french fries
D) hamburgers and french fries are part of the same procedural memory

Question 62

According to the network of association theory,what words would come to mind when you hear the trigger word red ?

A) rose; fire engine
B) flower; vehicle
C) cherry; police car
D) pansy; toy wagon

Question 63

Research has shown that memories can be distorted because of beliefs that people already hold when the memory is formed.These earlier beliefs are part of cognitive:

A) nodes
B) schemas
C) biases
D) frames

Question 64

Fayd is studying for his English literature exam.For each novel he has read for the course,he tries to think of how the novel relates to his own life.This activity requires that he really think about the themes and characters in the book.Fayd is using the mnemonic strategy of:

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) practice
C) chunking
D) elaborative rehearsal

Question 65

Cognitive structures that help us perceive,organize,process,and use information are referred to as:

A) sensory memory
B) schemas
C) working memory
D) none of the above

Question 66

Students taking an introductory class in a subject that is completely new to them often find that the material seems very disorganized and confusing at the beginning.As the class progresses,the information seems to become better structured,and the students find it easier to integrate and interpret new material.One important reason for this happy change is that the students are developing _____ that allow them to make sense of,organize,and utilize information in memory.

A) prototypes
B) schemas
C) frames
D) feature lists

Question 67

A psychologist who agreed with associative network theories would suggest that the best way to set up a computer hard drive to mimic human memory would be to organize the information into:

A) alphabetically tagged files
B) nested files
C) temporally flagged files
D) hierarchical files

Question 68

Geoff is trying to remember his shopping list by repeating the items over and over again to himself.He is using:

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) acoustic rehearsal
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) linkage rehearsal

Question 69

Yu-sheng,Jocelyn,and Juan are in three different introductory anthropology classes.Yu-sheng's class takes a multiple-choice midterm.Jocelyn's class takes a short-answer midterm.Juan's class takes an essay midterm.Which student(s)take(s)the midterm that requires the greatest depth of processing?

A) Yu-sheng
B) Jocelyn
C) Juan
D) Jocelyn and Juan

Question 70

Your friend James asks you to entertain his younger sister when she comes to visit him at school.He tells you that his sister is great fun but quite shy.As a result,you decide to take his sister to a concert rather than to a big party.In making this decision,you used your:

A) episodic memory of things you had enjoyed in high school
B) semantic memory of things to do on campus
C) schemas in memory of people who are shy
D) autobiographical memories of visiting your older brother

Question 71

Memory for items presented at the beginning of a list and at the end of the list is referred to as:

A) serial position effect
B) association network
C) chunking
D) all of the above

Question 72

Suppose you need to learn the following list: "pen,ship,log,cup,paper,radio,rose,sun,chair,glass,fork,wave." Which of the following types of study would lead you to the best recall?

A) count the number of vowels in each word
B) relate each word to a fond childhood memory
C) think about whether each word rhymes with den
D) passively listen to the list while counting backward from 100 by 3s

Question 73

Consider the many ways in which you could organize the books in your library.You could sort them into groups with the same color cover.You could alphabetize them by the authors' last names or by the titles of the books.You could also sort them into groups with common themes.Which of these ways of organizing your library would be most like the way in which memories are organized in long-term memory?

A) alphabetize by title
B) group by common theme
C) alphabetize by authors' names
D) group by common color

Question 74

According to levels of processing theory,information that is encoded more deeply is remembered better than information that is encoded less deeply,because information encoded more deeply:

A) has greater rehearsal
B) is stored longer in short-term memory storage
C) is more meaningful
D) is entered into long-term memory more logically

Question 75

Sergio tells Monica that his roommate goes to a lot of parties.After this conversation,Monica tells Genevra that Sergio's roommate drinks a great deal.Monica believes this about Sergio's roommate because:

A) she used her schema of a party person
B) she did not remember what Sergio had told her
C) she is biased against people who like to party
D) her elaboration made the story more interesting

Question 76

Consider a psychology experiment where someone is asked to say,as rapidly as possible,whether a sentence appearing on a computer screen is true or false.Research has shown that people will be faster to say that it is true that a sandal is a shoe than to say that it is true that a sandal is a piece of clothing.Which model of human memory could easily account for this finding?

A) levels of processing model
B) modal memory model
C) prototype model
D) spreading activation model

Question 77

According to associative network theories,concepts in memory are localized in:

A) nodes
B) associations
C) feature lists
D) feature hierarchies

Question 78

In a memory experiment,participants in Group A are asked to just listen to a list of words.Group B is asked to count the number of words that begin with the letter e.Group C is asked to repeat each word as they hear it.Group D is asked to use each word in a sentence.According to Craik and Watson's levels of processing model,which group would later remember more of the words on the list?

A) Group A
B) Group B
C) Group C
D) Group D

Question 79

Shushant makes up a rhyme to remember what she needs to buy at the grocery store,"Garrett said to buy milk and bread." Shushant is trying to remember her list by using:

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) acoustic rehearsal
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) linkage rehearsal

Question 80

Elaboration is an effective mnemonic strategy because the information learned is processed more:

A) often
B) deeply
C) intentionally
D) automatically