Deck 13: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps maintain blood glucose levels during fasting by

A) stimulating the synthesis of fatty acids
B) promoting the conversion of amino acids into proteins in muscle tissues
C) increasing the glucose-dependent inflammatory response
D) promoting fat utilization
E) inhibiting glucose utilization in muscle cells

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by

A) ADH
B) prolactin
C) parathyroid hormone
D) glucagon
E) insulin

Answer 2

E

Question 3

FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus.

A) TSH
B) GnRH
C) ACTH
D) LH
E) PRL

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The action of nonsteroid hormones often results in conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which then functions

A) as an internal receptor for steroid hormones
B) as an enzyme in the generation of ATP
C) to initiate a cascade of enzyme activations
D) to stimulate the release of the original hormone from the cell surface receptor
E) as a secondary hormone released into the bloodstream

Question 5

Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur?

A) Production of natural cortisol may decrease.
B) Production of estrogen by the ovaries may decrease.
C) Levels of thyroid hormone may be elevated.
D) Levels of aldosterone may be elevated.
E) Levels of parathyroid hormone may be decreased.

Question 6

The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one?

A) ACTH
B) LH
C) PRL
D) TSH
E) ADH

Question 7

Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in

A) diabetes insipidus
B) a drop in blood glucose levels
C) acromegaly
D) dwarfism
E) gigantism

Question 8

The endocrine system has certain characteristics that set it apart from the nervous system. Which one of the following characteristics is typical of the endocrine system, but NOT the nervous system?

A) The chemicals used for communication reach nearly every living cell except brain and reproductive tissues.
B) The agents of communication are always in the form of a chemical.
C) Hormones typically act on any cell they make contact with.
D) Hormones can interact with the neurons, but neurons cannot communicate with endocrine cells.
E) Hormones rely on cell receptors to transfer a message, but neurotransmitters do not require them.

Question 9

Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males?

A) prolactin
B) LH
C) aldosterone
D) FSH
E) growth hormone

Question 10

Luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotropin because of which one of the following reasons?

A) It stimulates the growth and development of gonads, but only in females.
B) It stimulates the growth but not the development of gonads in males.
C) It promotes the growth of reproductive organs in both males and females.
D) It functions to complement the activity of TSH.
E) It triggers the production of gonadotropin hormones.

Question 11

Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that they

A) cause a change to occur in the target cell
B) bind to an intracellular receptor
C) are water insoluble
D) cannot be stored
E) bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane

Question 12

During times of stress, which one of the following glands releases CRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?

A) hypothalamus
B) pancreas
C) adrenal medulla
D) posterior pituitary
E) anterior pituitary

Question 13

When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the

A) kidneys
B) breasts
C) hypothalamus
D) uterus
E) both the breasts and uterus

Question 14

Which one of the following parts of the brain links to the endocrine system?

A) hypothalamus
B) thyroid
C) anterior pituitary
D) thymus
E) posterior pituitary

Question 15

All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

A) Many hormones are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
B) Hormones are distributed via the circulatory system.
C) Hormones exert their effects on cells that have the specific hormone receptor.
D) Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.
E) The endocrine system and the nervous system frequently interact.

Question 16

Hyposecretion of ADH results in

A) stimulation of protein synthesis
B) reduced uptake of blood glucose
C) diabetes insipidus
D) an increase in the mass and length of bones
E) overstimulation of cell division

Question 17

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by

A) stimulating alpha cells of the pancreas to produce more hormones
B) promoting the entry of glucose into cells
C) stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
D) activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland
E) promoting the breakdown of fat

Question 18

The following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. Which one of the following answers best represents the order in which the steps occur? 1. cellular response to the hormone
2) activation of a gene
3) formation of a hormone-receptor complex
4) diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane
5) production of a protein

A) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
B) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1
C) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2
D) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4
E) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5

Question 19

Hormones act upon specific target tissues because

A) they interact only with target cells at a synapse
B) they are released next to target tissues, so they cannot interact with other cells
C) target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone
D) they can be released only following depolarization of the target cell
E) the blood has access to all body tissues

Question 20

An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?

A) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
B) cortisol from the adrenal cortex
C) insulin from the pancreas
D) thyroxine from the thyroid
E) norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex

Question 21

Thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to the presence of

A) ACTH
B) TSH
C) FSH
D) LH
E) GH

Question 22

Which one of the following nonhormonal chemical messengers is important in local control of blood flow and blood clotting?

A) prostaglandins
B) nerve growth factor
C) tumor angiogenesis growth factor
D) histamine
E) epidermal growth factor

Question 23

In order for all hormones to cause a response, they must first bind to an appropriate receptor on the target cell's membrane.

Question 24

Somatostatin functions to inhibit both insulin and glucagon.

Question 25

All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one?

A) neural disorders
B) kidney failure
C) blindness
D) cardiovascular disorders
E) increased susceptibility to cancer

Question 26

The thymus produces two peptides that function to

A) regulate iodine levels in the thyroid
B) aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes
C) regulate thyroxine release
D) increase blood calcium levels
E) promote the breakdown of bone

Question 27

Which one of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects?

A) estrogen, progesterone
B) epinephrine, norepinephrine
C) glucagon, insulin
D) oxytocin, prolactin
E) thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃)

Question 28

The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing

A) estrogen and progesterone
B) oxytocin
C) growth hormone
D) ADH
E) prostaglandins

Question 29

Which one of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

A) ACTH from the anterior pituitary
B) AMTH form the anterior pituitary
C) Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
D) Sympathetic nerves
E) Parasympathetic nerves

Question 30

All of following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one?

A) They are produced and secreted by the ovaries in response to hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
B) They are released during a female's reproductive years.
C) They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.
D) They regulate the menstrual cycle.
E) They stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics.

Question 31

Which one of the following is caused by the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone by the heart?

A) decrease in blood pressure
B) decrease in blood calcium level
C) decrease in kidney function
D) increase of blood sugar level
E) increased production of fats and proteins

Question 32

A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels

A) because the hypothalamus cannot be inhibited without iodine
B) because ADH levels rise controllably
C) due to the activity of the anterior pituitary gland
D) as glucagon levels elevate
E) because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH

Question 33

Which one of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced?

A) calcium
B) phosphorus
C) iodine
D) zinc
E) iron

Question 34

In females, LH promotes the monthly development of the egg and FSH causes release of the egg from the ovary.

Question 35

The secretion of oxytocin during childbirth stimulates ADH release by the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 36

Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus to activate or deactivate genes.

Question 37

Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels?

A) thyroid and ovaries
B) adrenal cortex and thyroid
C) anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex
D) thyroid and parathyroid
E) parathyroid and anterior pituitary

Question 38

The alpha, beta, and delta cells located in the islets of Langerhans of the thyroid produce three different hormones that are important in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels of the blood.

Question 39

Steroid hormones typically move across the cell and nuclear membranes to bind to receptors in the nucleus.

Question 40

Disorders associated with the endocrine system can be caused by problems with hormone production or lack of receptors for the hormones on the target cells.

Question 41

Erythropoietin, a hormone secreted by the liver, stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Question 42

The responsiveness of cells to calcitonin increases as an individual ages; maximum responsiveness occurs in elderly individuals as a mechanism to improve the stability and strength of bones.

Question 43

The levels of potassium and sodium in the body are regulated primarily by the hormone aldosterone.

Question 44

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
pituitary

Question 45

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
ovaries

Question 46

Match each event labeled on the graph with the description of what is occurring in relation to blood glucose levels.
pancreas stops secretion of insulin

Question 47

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
thymus

Question 48

Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland enhance the response of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 49

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores.

Question 50

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
pancreas

Question 51

Calcitonin and PTH have opposing effects on blood calcium levels.

Question 52

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
thyroid gland

Question 53

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
adrenal gland

Question 54

The number of cases of Type 2 diabetes is increasing mainly due to an increase in three major risk factors: obesity, insufficient exercise, and unhealthy diets.

Question 55

When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases, the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases.

Question 56

During prolonged fasting, cortisol assists in maintaining blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of proteins to amino acids in muscle.

Question 58

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
testes

Question 59

Nitric oxide helps regulate blood flow in many tissues and is involved in the development and control of penile erection.

Question 60

The pineal gland secretes ________, also known as the "hormone of darkness."

Question 61

The effect of parathyroid hormone is to ________ blood calcium levels.

Question 62

Match each event labeled on the graph with the description of what is occurring in relation to blood glucose levels.
peak glucose levels in plasma

Question 63

Match each event labeled on the graph with the description of what is occurring in relation to blood glucose levels.
adipose tissues use glucose to produce fats for storage

Question 64

Nonsteroid hormones are ________ acting than steroid hormones because they activate enzyme cascades within a cell.

Question 65

Although most of the estrogen and testosterone produced in the human body is made by the ovaries and testes, respectively, small amounts of these hormones are also produced by the ________.

Question 66

Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary gland by the ________.

Question 67

________ of growth hormone results in pituitary dwarfism.

Question 68

Match each event labeled on the graph with the description of what is occurring in relation to blood glucose levels.
glucagon secretion is inhibited

Question 69

Neuroendocrine cells are located in the ________.

Question 70

________ cells function in both the nervous and endocrine systems.

Question 71

Lymphocytes mature into T cells within the ________.

Question 72

Hormones from the anterior pituitary gland are secreted in response to the presence of ________ from the hypothalamus.

Question 73

Steroid hormones depend on receptors inside the cell because these hormones are ________ soluble.

Question 74

Diabetes type ________ occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin.

Question 75

Hormones important in maintaining homeostasis are generally part of a(n) ________ feedback loop.

Question 76

Nonsteroid hormones require a(n) ________ on the cell surface to communicate with cells.

Question 77

A student just finished a delicious breakfast of pancakes with syrup, orange juice, and Danish pastries. Because his blood sugar level has increased, the pancreas secretes ________.

Question 78

Acromegaly is caused by hypersecretion of ________ hormone in adults.

Question 79

The endocrine cells of the pancreas are located in small groupings throughout the organ known as the ________.

Question 80

Nonsteroid hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane of cells, yet still have the ability to influence cell activity. Explain how this is possible.