Deck 15: The Urinary System

Question 1

The primary sources of the nitrogenous wastes that are eliminated by the kidneys are

A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) vitamins
D) triglycerides
E) nucleic acids

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Water and nutrients that have been filtered from the glomerular filtrate are returned to circulation as they enter the

A) renal artery
B) vasa recta
C) efferent arteriole
D) peritubular capillaries
E) vasa recta and peritubular capillaries

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Over 99% of the water filtered through the glomerulus is reabsorbed. At which one of the following locations does most of this water reabsorption occur?

A) loop of Henle
B) distal tubule
C) collecting duct
D) proximal tubule
E) renal pelvis

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When urine leaves the kidneys, it enters the

A) urethra
B) liver
C) ureter
D) urinary bladder
E) nephron

Question 5

Urine formation initiates with glomerular filtration, a process that relies on filtering large quantities of protein-free plasma into the Bowman's capsule by

A) passive diffusion through porous capillaries
B) active transport from interstitial fluid
C) active transport from paratubular capillaries
D) osmotic transport from lymph fluid
E) micelle transport

Question 6

Which one of the following is typically removed from the blood by the tubular secretion process?

A) drugs such as marijuana and cocaine
B) urea
C) protein
D) red blood cells
E) water

Question 7

Movement of sodium across the cells of the collecting duct relies on which one of the following?

A) tubular secretion
B) glomerular filtration
C) tubular reabsorption
D) active transport
E) bulk flow

Question 8

Renin is secreted by which one of the following structures?

A) distal tubule
B) juxtaglomerular apparatus
C) renal medulla
D) glomerulus
E) Bowman's capsule

Question 9

As urine moves through a nephron, it is modified by ions, water, and other materials either being secreted into the fluid or by efflux of substances out of the urine. However, such modifications do not occur in which one of the following regions of the nephron?

A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) Bowman's capsule
D) proximal tubule
E) distal tubule

Question 10

Urination depends on

A) blood proteins
B) water movement into the proximal tubule
C) the neural micturition reflex
D) the concentration of urea in the distal tubule
E) countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta

Question 11

Using the figure above, answer this question. All of the following directly excrete wastes EXCEPT which one?

A) digestive tract
B) circulatory system
C) respiratory system
D) integumentary system
E) urinary system

Question 12

An individual has been diagnosed with persistent proteinuria. This condition is due to damage in which one of the following regions of the nephron?

A) loop of Henle
B) proximal tubule
C) glomerular capsule
D) distal tubule
E) collecting duct

Question 13

The kidneys function to maintain homeostasis in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?

A) regulating blood volume
B) controlling salt balance in body fluids
C) exchanging blood gases
D) regulating blood pressure
E) regulating vitamin D

Question 14

Using the figure above, identify in which one of the following locations a nephron would be found.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) B and C

Question 15

The hairpin design of the loop of Henle allows events on one side of the loop to influence the events on the other side, by a process referred to as

A) paratubular movement
B) countercurrent exchange
C) bulk flow
D) glomerular filtration
E) tubular reabsorption

Question 16

The hormone ADH

A) causes the kidneys to produce dilute urine
B) is secreted by the kidneys
C) causes the cells of the collecting duct to be more permeable to water
D) causes the kidneys to produce a high volume of urine
E) is usually secreted when the body is completely hydrated

Question 17

Consider a red blood cell traveling in the renal artery. It passes through several different functional vessels before entering the renal vein. Consider the vessels listed below. Which one of the following answers lists the CORRECT order in which the red blood cell passes through these vessels? 1. peritubular capillaries
2) efferent arteriole
3) afferent arteriole
4) glomerulus
5) renal vein

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
C) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5
D) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5
E) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5

Question 18

The capillaries that serve as the major blood supply to the kidneys are called the

A) Bowman's capsule
B) cortex
C) proximal tubules
D) hepatic portal system
E) glomerulus

Question 19

The efferent arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus to the

A) renal artery
B) peritubular capillaries
C) renal vein
D) collecting duct
E) afferent arteriole

Question 20

The nitrogenous waste ammonia is usually converted to a less toxic substance known as

A) amino acids
B) urea
C) fatty acids
D) sodium chloride crystals
E) uric acid

Question 21

The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Question 22

Chloride ions passively follow sodium that has been actively transported out of tubular cells, due to the attraction of negatively charged ions to positively charged ions.

Question 23

During times of stress, the autonomic nervous system causes the afferent and efferent arterioles to constrict, resulting in an increase in the amount of urine produced.

Question 24

The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle, and the external urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle; together, they control the process of urination.

Question 25

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding erythropoietin?

A) It is secreted by the liver in response to rising blood pH.
B) It causes the bladder to store increased amounts of urine.
C) It is part of a positive feedback loop used to control the amount of hydrogen ion secreted by the kidneys.
D) It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
E) It is secreted in response to rising blood oxygen levels.

Question 26

Aldosterone is secreted in response to changes in

A) blood pressure
B) blood calcium levels
C) body temperature
D) blood potassium levels
E) blood glucose levels

Question 27

Minerals that crystallize in the renal pelvis are referred to as

A) kidney stones
B) pelvic crystals
C) otoliths
D) osteocytes
E) renal deposits

Question 28

Blood containing metabolic waste is transported to the kidneys by the renal vein; the renal artery removes blood from the kidneys once the waste has been removed.

Question 29

Given the following events involved in the regulation of blood volume, which one of the following answers best represents the order in which these events occurs? 1. sodium reabsorbed from distal tubules and collecting ducts
3) secretion of renin from juxtaglomerular apparatus
2) secretion of aldosterone
4) decrease in blood volume
5) production of angiotensin II

A) 4, 2, 5, 3, 1
B) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3
C) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
D) 4, 2, 5, 1, 3
E) 1, 4, 5, 2, 3

Question 30

Osmotic concentration in the descending limb of the loop of Henle increases as water moves out.

Question 31

The major nitrogenous waste product in urine is the ammonium ion.

Question 32

Impairments of the kidney that are considered short term and possibly can be overcome by medication or other treatments are called chronic renal failure.

Question 33

Renin stimulates the secretion of aldosterone.

Question 34

Alcohol has diuretic effects, increasing urine output. By which one of the following is this mediated?

A) Alcohol increases the amount of sodium reabsorbed.
B) Alcohol decreases the amount of sodium reabsorbed.
C) Alcohol makes the renal tubules more permeable to water.
D) Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH.
E) Drinks with alcohol also contain a lot of water, and the kidneys excrete this.

Question 35

Which of the following groupings of organs is responsible for the maintenance of water balance in the body?

A) liver, kidneys, hypothalamus
B) heart, liver, posterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, kidneys
D) kidneys, hypothalamus, liver
E) posterior pituitary, bone marrow, kidneys

Question 36

Considering the following events reflecting how vitamin D is synthesized and activated, which one of the following answers best represents the order in which these events occur? a. Inactive vitamin D is transported to the liver where it is modified.
B) Inactive vitamin D is transported to the kidneys.
C) UV light strikes the skin and converts a steroid molecule into an inactive form of vitamin D.
D) Vitamin D is activated under the influence of PTH.

A) a, b, c, d
B) c, b, a, d
C) c, a, b, d
D) a, c, b, d
E) d, a, c, b

Question 37

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis involves the circulation of a patient's blood through an artificial kidney machine in order to remove metabolic waste and excess ions; this procedure can now be done in the home.

Question 38

Not only are the kidneys considered organs of excretion, but they have an endocrine function as well as an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis through the regulation of blood pH.

Question 39

The initial filtrate entering the proximal tubule is isotonic in relation to the surrounding cells; however, the final urine leaving the collecting ducts is highly concentrated in terms of solutes.

Question 40

Which of the following regulates salt balance?

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
D) renin
E) both aldosterone and ANH

Question 41

Using the letter choices on the figure above, identify the organs of the urinary system.
location of nephrons, which filter blood to remove wastes and retain essential solutes

Question 42

The function of the kidneys to concentrate urine is under the control of a negative feedback loop.

Question 43

Using the letters on the figure above, identify the sections of the nephron.
functions in ion reabsorption into blood

Question 44

Using the letters on the figure above, identify the sections of the nephron.
passes urine to ureter

Question 45

The process of reabsorbing water is regulated by ________.

Question 46

The outer portion of the kidneys is the ________, whereas the inner portion is the ________.

Question 47

Using the letters on the figure above, identify the sections of the nephron.
relies on countercurrent exchange to move ions and water

Question 48

Using the letter choices on the figure above, identify the organs of the urinary system.
stores urine until it is excreted out of the body

Question 49

Using the letters on the figure above, identify the sections of the nephron.
filters plasma from glomerulus

Question 50

The glomerulus of each nephron is enclosed by a portion of the nephron known as ________.

Question 51

Using the letters on the figure above, identify the sections of the nephron.
filtrate in lumen contains solutes smaller than proteins

Question 52

Countercurrent exchange is used primarily in the ________ portion of the nephron.

Question 53

Waste products that contain nitrogen are produced by cells as they metabolize ________.

Question 54

Nutrients, water, and ions reabsorbed by the proximal and distal tubules enter the ________ capillaries.

Question 55

Each kidney is made up of a million ________, the functional units of a kidney.

Question 56

Using the letter choices on the figure above, identify the organs of the urinary system.
delivers urine to the bladder

Question 57

Using the letter choices on the figure above, identify the organs of the urinary system.
muscular tube that passes urine out of the body

Question 58

If the Bowman's capsule could be surgically removed so that the end (closed) of the proximal tubule was in contact with the glomerulus, what would be the impact on glomerular filtration?

Question 59

The loop of Henle relies on a countercurrent exchange mechanism to promote movement of water and solutes. Explain the significance of this mechanism to the composition of urine.

Question 60

ADH ________ the permeability of the cells of the collecting duct to water.

Question 61

Energy drinks contain several components, including caffeine, that are advertised to boost your energy levels. If you drink several of these caffeine-containing energy drinks in a short period of time, you feel the sensation to urinate. Why?

Question 62

Three organs in the human body are involved in the production of vitamin D; they are the ________, ________, and ________.

Question 63

The steroid hormone ________ regulates the reabsorption of sodium across the collecting duct and distal tubule.

Question 64

Blood volume is controlled through a negative feedback mechanism that involves several intermediate molecules; ________ not only stimulates the release of aldosterone but also causes vasoconstriction.

Question 65

Sodium is moved out of tubular cells by ________.

Question 66

Chloride ions move by ________, following transport of sodium out of tubular cells.

Question 67

Tubular reabsorption occurs when most of the fluid and solutes move back into the ________.