Deck 12: Mischel: Traits in Cognitive Social Learning Theory

Question 1

Individual differences in students valuing of their teacher's praise is an example of

A) self-efficacy expectancies.
B) subjective stimulus values.
C) encoding strategies.
D) retention processes.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In Mischel's terminology, the __________ of an extraverted person might include knowing how to begin a conversation with a stranger and thinking of things to say in a conversation.

A) competencies
B) expectancies
C) person variables
D) traits

Answer 2

A

Question 3

"If I ask Jane to go to the movies, will she go, or reject me?" This is a question of

A) reciprocal determinism.
B) stimulus-outcome expectancies.
C) behavior-outcome expectancies.
D) self-efficacy expectancies.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Differences in their __________ can explain why two children who both know the right answer to a question do not both answer the question even though they know the teacher will praise them if they answer the question correctly.

A) subjective stimulus values
B) self-efficacy expectations
C) competencies
D) outcome expectations

Question 5

Which behavior best illustrates Mischel's concept of self-regulatory systems and plans?

A) getting an A on a test
B) setting a goal of writing 2 pages a day until a major paper is done
C) going out partying with friends
D) believing that you can pass a test

Question 6

According to Mischel, traits __________ behavior.

A) cause
B) describe
C) predict
D) contradict

Question 7

Mischel's term "cognitive person variables" refers to

A) intelligence.
B) several concepts that replace "traits" as theoretical terms.
C) a method for devising personality questionnaires.
D) a statistical technique for data analysis.

Question 8

"Wears glasses patched with tape; carries lots of books; has few friends." This, according to Mischel's terminology, might be a __________ of a category of person's referred to as "nerds"

A) profile
B) trait
C) personal construct
D) prototype

Question 9

Mischel focuses particularly on __________ variables.

A) cognitive
B) environmental
C) motivational
D) situational

Question 10

In Mischel's research, preschoolers delayed their gratification by waiting for

A) birthday presents.
B) recess.
C) pretzels and marshmallows.
D) the end of class.

Question 11

Mischel conducted research on the delay of gratification in

A) rats.
B) employees of large companies.
C) children.
D) twins.

Question 12

Adam doesn't know whether he will be thanked or criticized if he helps cook dinner. He is uncertain about

A) self-efficacy expectancies.
B) competencies.
C) encoding strategies.
D) behavior-outcome expectancies.

Question 13

Terms that we use to describe ourselves and other people, such as "intelligent, outgoing, and empathic," would be called __________ by Mischel.

A) traits
B) personal constructs
C) expectancies
D) subjective stimulus values

Question 14

Despite numerous physical difficulties, artist Frida Kahlo believed she could be successful in her work. This is called

A) collective efficacy
B) id inflation
C) cognitive bias?D) self-efficacy

Question 15

According to Mischel and his colleagues, the effect of traits on behavior depends upon

A) the person.
B) the time of day.
C) the situation.
D) the observer.

Question 16

Delay of gratification is easier if

A) the rewards are visible.
B) the child thinks about how good the reward is.
C) the child sees models who delay their own gratification.
D) all of the above

Question 17

"If Jerry is shouting now, he may soon hit." This is an example of a __________.

A) self-efficacy expectancy
B) stimulus-outcome expectancy
C) behavior-outcome expectancy
D) prototype

Question 18

Mischel challenged the traditional personality theory assumption of

A) determinism.
B) social influence.
C) mental health as adaptation.
D) consistency of behavior across situations.

Question 19

According to Mischel, people are not passively controlled by their environment because they can develop __________ to influence their own behavior.

A) personal constructs
B) prototypes
C) traits
D) self-regulatory systems

Question 20

The term consistency paradox refers to

A) the challenge of understanding how people can develop across a lifetime yet still remain consistent.
B) the discrepancy between research, which shows that people act differently in different situations, and common sense, which says they are consistent.
C) people's efforts to seem consistent to other people.
D) the paradox that most personality theories seem to be saying the same thing, only in different words.

Question 21

According to Mischel's research, it is easier for children to delay gratification if they can look at the
rewards they are going to get.

Question 22

Instead of traits, Mischel uses the term personal constructs.

Question 23

Discuss Mischel's "CAPS" model. Include brief explanations of all major terms and ideas.

Question 24

Competencies tend to be more consistent than traits.

Question 25

Describe Mischel's research on the delay of gratification. List some of his important findings.

Question 26

Explain the term "consistency paradox."

Question 27

Mischel focuses particularly on __________ variables.

A) cognitive
B) environmental
C) motivational
D) situational

Question 28

The same outcomes are not rewarding for everyone, because people differ in their subjective stimulus
values.

Question 29

Expectancies are internal, subjective beliefs about what will happen in a situation.

Question 30

Use cognitive social learning theory to explain how the behavior and personality characteristics of
artist Frida Kahlo. Describe her personality and how cognitive social learning theory would explain why she had those characteristics.

Question 31

The term consistency paradox refers to the finding from research that people are more consistent than
would be expected from personality trait theory.

Question 32

According to Mischel, the effect of a trait on behavior depends upon the situational context.

Question 33

Using the example of a shy person, explain how Mischel's cognitive person variables differ from a
trait interpretation of personality.

Question 34

If I have confidence that I can do something, I have a high self-efficacy expectancy.

Question 35

Summarize the trait controversy and Mischel's role in it.

Question 36

Mischel suggested that "trait" concepts should be eliminated entirely from personality theory.

Question 37

When researchers conducted follow-up research, children who had greater ability to delay gratification in preschool were found, in high school,

A) to be rated higher by parents on cognitive and social competence.
B) to have higher SAT scores.
C) to cope better with frustration.
D) all of the above

Question 38

A "prototype" is a typical example of a category.

Question 39

Mischel argued that people are more consistent across situations than other theorists recognized.

Question 40

Preschoolers who could delay gratification had better ego skills, years later, when they were high
school age adolescents.

Question 41

Mischel conducted research on the delay of gratification in

A) rats.
B) employees of large companies.
C) children.
D) twins.

Question 42

Which behavior best illustrates Mischel's concept of self-regulatory systems and plans?

A) getting an A on a test
B) setting a goal of writing 2 pages a day until a major paper is done
C) going out partying with friends
D) believing that you can pass a test

Question 43

According to Mischel, traits __________ behavior.

A) cause
B) describe
C) predict
D) contradict

Question 44

Which of the following is not one of the expectancies described by Mischel? Behavior-outcome expectancy
Societal-outcome expectancy
Self-efficacy expectancy
Stimulus-outcome expectancy

Question 45

Terms that we use to describe ourselves and other people, such as "intelligent, outgoing, and empathic," would be called __________ by Mischel.

A) traits
B) personal constructs
C) expectancies
D) subjective stimulus values

Question 46

According to Mischel and his colleagues, the effect of traits on behavior depends upon

A) the person.
B) the time of day.
C) the situation.
D) the observer.

Question 47

Mischel challenged the traditional personality theory assumption of

A) determinism.
B) social influence.
C) mental health as adaptation.
D) consistency of behavior across situations.

Question 48

Mischel's term "cognitive person variables" refers to

A) intelligence.
B) several concepts that replace "traits" as theoretical terms.
C) a method for devising personality questionnaires.
D) a statistical technique for data analysis.

Question 49

Which of the following does not describe a prototype? Can be very broad in their descriptiveness
Can be very narrow, concrete, and vivid
Offer ways to easily classify all individuals
Make it easier to recall information about individual's that fit into a prototype than those who do not