Deck 13: Cognitive Control

Question 1

The human analog of the delayed-response task that is used as a test of cognitive development in human infants is the ________ task.

A)delayed-reward
B)object permanence
C)sensorimotor development
D)conservation of quantity

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Three main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the

A)primary motor cortex,lateral prefrontal cortex,and frontal pole.
B)lateral prefrontal cortex,frontal pole,and medial frontal cortex.
C)frontal pole,medial frontal cortex,and anterior cingulate.
D)medial frontal cortex,anterior cingulate,and primary motor cortex.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Focal injuries of the prefrontal cortex generally produce all of the following cognitive changes or symptoms EXCEPT

A)deficits in planning complex behaviors.
B)perseveration in responding.
C)fluent aphasia.
D)disruption of working memory.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The ventromedial zone is also known as (the)

A)primary motor cortex.
B)Wernicke's area.
C)anterior cingulate cortex.
D)orbitofrontal cortex.

Question 5

Whereas the ________ will be most active during the encoding of a face stimulus,the ________ will be active during the delay period.

A)prefrontal gyrus / fusiform gyrus
B)fusiform gyrus / prefrontal cortex
C)anterior cingulate / hippocampus
D)hippocampus / anterior cingulate

Question 6

The information that you are currently thinking about,perceiving,or using to guide responding is held in this type of memory store.

A)Source memory
B)Anterograde memory
C)Working memory
D)Implicit memory

Question 7

A monkey that has previously received a lesion in the lateral prefrontal cortex is shown two food wells,each of which is covered by a marked stimulus card:

As the monkey watches,a food reward is placed into the left well and then both wells are covered.If the monkey is now allowed to retrieve the food reward immediately,it will

A)correctly select the left food well.
B)select from either of the food wells randomly.
C)incorrectly select the right well.
D)no longer respond to either of the food wells.

Question 8

Lesions of the lateral prefrontal cortex disrupt ________ memory but not ________ memory.

A)long-term / working
B)long-term / short-term
C)working / long-term
D)working / short-term

Question 9

With short delays,we are better at recalling a list of ________ words than a list of ________ words.With longer delays,we show an even stronger effect between ________ similar and dissimilar words.

A)semantically dissimilar / semantically similar / phonologically
B)semantically similar / semantically dissimilar / phonologically
C)phonologically dissimilar / phonologically similar / semantically
D)phonologically similar / phonologically dissimilar / semantically

Question 10

Which of the following best describes a real-life example of the delayed-response task?

A)After reading and studying on Sunday afternoon,you take a cognitive neuroscience exam on Monday morning.
B)After looking up the phone number of a local pizza place,you walk across the room to the telephone and begin dialing it.
C)After staring intently at bright streetlamp,you notice that there is an afterimage of the light even when you move your eyes to another location.
D)Every time you visit the doctor to receive a shot,she gives you a cherry lollipop.After several visits you find that the taste of cherry lollipops makes you anxious.

Question 11

The most caudal part of the frontal lobe contains the ________ region.

A)lateral prefrontal cortex
B)premotor
C)anterior cingulate
D)primary motor

Question 12

A person who has difficulty with "recency memory" tasks would have the most difficulty with which of the following?

A)Remembering a list of items to purchase at the market
B)Setting a table with forks,knives,and spoons
C)Recognizing the difference between two similar ingredients
D)Entering the ingredients for a recipe in the correct order

Question 13

Brodmann's area 46 corresponds to which of the following brain regions?

A)The superior temporal cortex
B)The precentral gyrus
C)The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D)The anterior cingulate

Question 14

A monkey is taught that food is associated with a stimulus card that has a star on it.After training,the animal receives a lesion to the lateral prefrontal cortex.The monkey's memory for the food-stimulus card association is then tested by presenting the animal with the two stimulus cards diagrammed here.How will the monkey now respond?

A)The monkey will remember the correct response and choose stimulus card 1 to earn a food reward.
B)The memory trace left by the training period will be disrupted by the surgery,and the monkey will randomly select among the stimulus cards.
C)The monkey will no longer be able to retrieve old memories,even if the representations are intact,and will randomly select among the stimulus cards.
D)The monkey will no longer be able recognize visual patterns and will randomly select among the stimulus cards.

Question 15

Which patient group is most likely to be impaired on a task in which one must decide which of two pictures was seen most recently?

A)Patients with frontal lobe injuries
B)Patients with temporal lobe injuries
C)Patients with parietal lobe injuries
D)Patients with occipital lobe injuries

Question 16

Working memory has been called the ________ of the mind.

A)blackboard
B)bookshelves
C)filing cabinet
D)staple gun

Question 17

You are testing a patient with bilateral injury to the lateral prefrontal cortex on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.After she successfully learns that the sorting rule is based on color,you change the required sorting strategy to another stimulus dimension: shape.Which of the following best describes the way this participant will respond to the change in sorting strategy?

A)She will begin sorting according to shape after a brief period of trial and error.
B)She will begin sorting according to numerosity after a brief period of trial and error.
C)She will continue to sort according to color,despite error feedback from the experimenter.
D)She will begin to sort the cards somewhat randomly,using the shape strategy on some trials and sorting by numerosity on other trials.

Question 18

A task commonly used with adults to examine perseveration behavior is the

A)object permanence task.
B)Posner cuing task.
C)Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.
D)recency discrimination task.

Question 19

Which of the following statements best describes the anatomical connectivity of the prefrontal lobes to the rest of the brain?

A)Most synapses in the prefrontal cortex originate from subcortical regions rather than from other cortical regions in the brain.
B)Almost all connections in this area carry inputs from other regions of the cortex rather than from subcortical regions.
C)Connections in this region tend to carry inputs from other parts of the prefrontal cortex rather than from other lobes of the brain.
D)There are extensive projections to and from the prefrontal cortex to all other lobes of the brain.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about the prefrontal cortex?

A)The prefrontal cortex seems to play a role in working memory but not in long-term storage of information.
B)The prefrontal cortex seems to play a role in long-term storage of information but not in working memory.
C)The prefrontal cortex is important for both working memory and long-term storage of information.
D)The prefrontal cortex is not essential for either working memory or long-term storage of information.

Question 21

One reason that the frontal pole has received less experimental attention than the lateral prefrontal cortex is because

A)the most anterior region of the prefrontal cortex is particularly prone to damage by cerebral hemorrhage,making this region more difficult to study in people.
B)the frontal pole is a much older region in phylogenetic terms,which is consistent with the observation that this region shows few individual differences.
C)the frontal pole is devoted to the sense of olfaction and is not believed to be involved in higher cognition.
D)the most anterior region of the prefrontal cortex is susceptible to imaging artifacts,making this region more difficult to study with fMRI.

Question 22

The Baddeley working memory model is ________,suggesting that ________ is more important in determining the brain regions that will be recruited.

A)process-based / the type of information
B)process-based / the type of computation
C)content-based / the type of information
D)content-based / the type of computation

Question 23

You conduct a single-cell recording study of a lateral prefrontal cortical cell while an animal performs a delayed-response task.Which of the following response profiles best matches the behavior of the cell if it is primarily involved in working memory function? (Each vertical line represents an action potential. )

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 24

Neuroimaging experiments have demonstrated that working memory engages the

A)prefrontal cortex to a larger degree than any other cortical area.
B)anterior cingulate to a larger degree than any other cortical area.
C)prefrontal cortex and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation.
D)anterior cingulate and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation.

Question 25

The idea that the prefrontal cortex filters out and inhibits irrelevant information is supported by the ERP findings of Knight and Grabowecky (1995),who found that patients with prefrontal lesions produced ________ in response to ignored tones during a dichotic listening task.

A)smaller evoked potentials
B)larger evoked potentials
C)evoked potentials that were longer in duration
D)evoked potentials that were briefer in duration

Question 26

Cells in the prefrontal cortex that respond selectively to information about "what" and "where" may differ from other parts of the visual pathway in that

A)there is a larger proportion of "where" cells in the prefrontal cortex.
B)the selectivity of the prefrontal cells is independent of the task conditions.
C)some of the prefrontal cells respond to combinations of "what" and "where" information.
D)Both b and c are true.

Question 27

People with frontal lobe damage will likely have trouble with

A)learning a fact like "the body of water between Russian and Iran is the Caspian Sea."
B)remembering the context in which a new fact was learned.
C)both a and
D)neither a nor b.

Question 28

People with frontal lobe injuries and control participants learned a series of facts in the laboratory and returned about a week later to be tested for fact recall.Which of the following best describes the results of this study?

A)The participants with frontal lobe injuries recalled significantly fewer facts than the control participants did,but they had similar source memory for the facts.
B)The participants with frontal lobe injuries recalled the same number of facts as the control participants did,but they had poorer source memory for the facts.
C)The participants with frontal lobe injuries had both poorer recall and poorer source memory for the facts relative to the control participants.
D)The participants with frontal lobe injuries performed similarly to the control participants on fact recall and source memory.

Question 29

Thompson-Schill and colleagues (1997,1998)conducted an experiment in which participants generated an appropriate verb in response to a presented noun.They found that the processing of nouns such as rope,which have many semantically associated verbs,elicited ________ activity in the inferior frontal cortex than did nouns such as scissors,which do not.This result supports the ________ hypothesis of inferior frontal lobe function.

A)greater / working memory retrieval
B)greater / selection
C)less / working memory retrieval
D)less / selection

Question 30

The hypothesis that different regions of the brain process visuospatial and verbal information is an example of a ________ account of brain specialization.

A)domain-general
B)process-general
C)content-based
D)process-based

Question 31

Item memory tends to rely more strongly on ________ lobe function,whereas source memory relies more strongly on ________ lobe function.

A)frontal / parietal
B)parietal / occipital
C)occipital / temporal
D)temporal / frontal

Question 32

Jeff knows that Phineas Gage lived in Vermont.He cannot remember where and when he acquired this knowledge,however.He is having difficulty accessing his episodic,or ________,memory.

A)temporal
B)recency
C)source
D)working

Question 33

________ refers to the repetition of a response even when that type of response is no longer appropriate or correct.

A)Priming
B)Perseveration
C)Object permanence
D)Utilization behavior

Question 34

Which of the following experimental tasks would be best for testing deficits in task switching?

A)The delayed response task
B)The semantic generation task
C)The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
D)The Stroop task

Question 35

The ability to organize and segregate events in memory is called

A)source memory.
B)working memory.
C)perseveration.
D)recency memory.

Question 36

An inhibition-based account of prefrontal cortex function would suggest that monkeys with lateral prefrontal lesions perform poorly on the delayed-response task because they

A)become distracted by irrelevant information and lose track of the correct target location.
B)have poor source memory and cannot remember which location is the source for the food reward.
C)perseverate in previous responses made on the preceding trials of the delayed-response task.
D)cannot remember how to perform the steps in the delayed-response task in the correct order.

Question 37

Patients with prefrontal injuries may fail to engage successfully in goal-oriented behavior for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A)they may be easily distractible because of attentional impairment.
B)they may have deficits in temporal memory.
C)they may have difficulty in consolidating explicit memory.
D)they may have deficits in using emotional information to guide behavior.

Question 38

One conceptualization of the prefrontal cortex,offered by Shimamura (2000),that could explain the seemingly disparate set of impairments associated with damage to this area is that

A)one underlying function of the prefrontal lobes is to select the information that is most task- relevant.
B)separate regions within the prefrontal cortex are specialized for these different functions.
C)the prefrontal cortex is not directly involved in memory but is a relay station for information processing that occurs in the temporal lobes.
D)information in the prefrontal cortex is temporarily represented in other neural sites,including the basal ganglia,during working memory.

Question 39

Based on what you know about the possible role of the prefrontal cortex in attention,which of the following do you think best predicts the performance of a patient with damage to this area on the Stroop task?

A)This person will experience less Stroop interference than neurologically intact participants.
B)This person will experience the same amount of Stroop interference as neurologically intact participants.
C)This person will experience more Stroop interference than neurologically intact participants.
D)This person will be unable to perform the Stroop task due to disruptions in reading ability.

Question 40

The n-back task differs from some other commonly used working memory tasks in that it involves

A)both maintenance and manipulation.
B)maintenance but not manipulation.
C)manipulation but not maintenance.
D)neither maintenance nor manipulation.

Question 41

The lateral prefrontal cortex is important for working memory tasks.

Question 42

Prefrontal areas likely are a temporary repository for representations accessed from other neural sites.

Question 43

The n-back task requires maintenance but not manipulation of information in working memory.

Question 44

Knowledge about the context in which previous learning took place is referred to as recency memory.

Question 45

Appropriate goal-oriented behavior is typically described as stimulus-driven.

Question 46

In general,increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex has been observed when participants perform tasks that have any of the following properties EXCEPT

A)the task requires planning and decision making.
B)the task involves well-learned or automatic responses.
C)the task is likely to require error correction.
D)the task requires a response that competes with another strong habitual response.

Question 47

People with frontal lobe lesions are often impaired in organizing and segregating events in memory.

Question 48

At any given time,many different schema control units may be activated.However,we can rarely carry out more than one unit at a time and must select the most appropriate one to translate into action.The units are mutually inhibitory,and only the most activated one wins the competition for expression.This type of selection mechanism is called

A)the supervisory attentional system.
B)contention scheduling.
C)the somatic marker hypothesis.
D)utilization behavior.

Question 49

Which of the following situations would be most likely to engage the anterior cingulate cortex?

A)A waiter walks over to your table at a restaurant and holds an open menu in front of you.
B)You walk into the elevator of your apartment building and press the button for your floor.
C)You enter your classroom and find someone sitting in your usual seat.
D)A good friend asks you to remind him of your telephone number.

Question 50

The key function of the inferior temporal lobe is to evaluate response conflict.

Question 51

For situations in which no routine procedure can be used to generate an appropriate response,this type of mechanism is used to select the best schema control unit for translation into action.

A)The somatic marker hypothesis
B)Utilization behavior
C)The supervisory attentional system
D)Source encoding

Question 52

Although the prefrontal cortex is not essential for working memory,it is particularly important for the storage of associative knowledge.

Question 53

The supervisory attentional system is probably localized to this region of the brain.

A)The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)The anterior cingulate gyrus
C)The medial temporal lobe
D)The ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 54

Schema control units are

A)mental representations of semantic networks.
B)stored autobiographical information.
C)stored information about the temporal order of events.
D)mental representations of possible responses.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a situation that you would expect to engage the supervisory attentional system?

A)One that engages a specific schema control unit
B)One that requires planning or decision making
C)One that requires error detection
D)One that is difficult

Question 56

The supervisory attentional system,which seems to be localized to the ________ in the brain,becomes active during the Stroop task because this task requires ________.

A)orbitofrontal cortex / a response (perceiving color)that competes with a strong habitual response (reading)
B)orbitofrontal cortex / a response (reading)that competes with a strong habitual response (perceiving color)
C)anterior cingulate cortex / a response (reading)that competes with a strong habitual response (perceiving color)
D)anterior cingulate cortex / a response (perceiving color)that competes with a strong habitual response (reading)

Question 57

The error-related negativity (ERN)has been localized to the anterior cingulate cortex.

Question 58

An experiment that requires participants to respond based on one goal,such as naming digits,on some trials and another goal,such as naming letters,on other trials is an example of a(n)________ paradigm.

A)error-monitoring
B)task-switching
C)Stroop
D)contention-scheduling

Question 59

In a stop-signal task,participants are asked to

A)choose between two responses but abort their response when signaled to do so.
B)identify the color (red,yellow,or green)in which color words have been written.
C)sort cards into piles but change the sorting rule when the stop signal appears.
D)drive a virtual car through crowded London streets,obeying all traffic signals.

Question 60

Dynamic filtering is one view of the prefrontal cortex,in which this area is a repository of representations and selects information most relevant to the current task.

Question 61

What is the difference between a content-based and a process-based account of functional specialization? Which do you believe is more successful in explaining the organization of the frontal lobe,and why?

Question 62

You have just been introduced to two people,one of whom suffers from a frontal lobe syndrome and the other from visual agnosia.However,you do not know which person is which.Describe some questions or tasks that you could use to determine which person has the frontal lobe syndrome and which one has visual agnosia.

Question 63

Which aspects of memory are compromised following damage to the frontal lobe? Which aspects are relatively unimpaired?

Question 64

Provide an example of a delayed-response task.How has this task informed our understanding of the prefrontal cortex?

Question 65

In what ways might we consider drug addiction to be an issue of cognitive control? In what ways might this characterization be problematic? What result would you expect to find if you extended cognitive control experiments to people who chronically use drugs?