Deck 3: A Psychodynamic Theory: Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

Question 1

The 19ᵗʰ century movement which argued that natural science principles could explain all human biological and psychological functioning was called

A) psychoanalysis.
B) mechanism.
C) hypnotism.
D) catharsis.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Psychoanalysis is

A) a theory of personality.
B) a method of therapy.
C) a technique for research.
D) all of the above.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Freud

A) was largely unaware of scientific principles.
B) felt that conceptual clarity came before descriptive observation.
C) felt that descriptive observation came before conceptual clarity.
D) dismissed the significance of scientific principles.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to Freud, aggression

A) is an instinctual part of life.
B) resides in the ego.
C) resides in the superego.
D) is inevitably fused with sex.

Question 5

Freud sees society as

A) frustrating a person's basic desires.
B) necessary for happiness.
C) prohibiting any gratification.
D) conflicting with demands of the ego.

Question 6

Which concept expresses a release of emotion following talking about one's problems?

A) catharsis.
B) free association.
C) transference neurosis.
D) dream interpretation.

Question 7

Emotional relief gained through talking about one's problems is covered under the concept of

A) cathexis.
B) anticathexis.
C) mechanism of defense.
D) catharsis.

Question 8

Which of the following is an important component of the Freudian view of the person?

A) energy system.
B) pleasure principle.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 9

Freud was not impressed with supportive findings from experimental psychology because

A) he was largely attacked by academic psychology.
B) he did not understand the value of laboratory research.
C) the Vienna circle argued against their value.
D) he was sufficiently impressed with clinical observations.

Question 10

At the heart of the psychoanalytic view of the person is that the person is

A) a scientist.
B) a computer.
C) basically like other species.
D) an energy system.

Question 11

The characteristics of the unconscious are seen most clearly in

A) dreams.
B) mechanisms of defense.
C) guilt.
D) all of the above.

Question 12

The development of the idea of catharsis is the result of

A) correlational research
B) biological research
C) experimental research
D) a clinical case study

Question 13

Very briefly, the goal of psychoanalysis could be stated to be

A) increased control over the instincts and drives which seek expression in antisocial behavior.
B) the ability to restrict the reduction of tension through the seeking of pleasure and heightened conformity to the
Demands of social life.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) a reduction in the extent to which instincts are frustrated.

Question 14

According to psychoanalytic theory, pleasure is based on

A) the release of energy.
B) tension reduction.
C) the discharge of an instinct.
D) all of the above.

Question 15

An early influence on the development of Freud's process model of dynamic functioning was

A) Brucke's physiological model.
B) Einstein's physics model.
C) Charcot's model for hysteria.
D) all of the above.

Question 16

Research on thought suppression suggests that

A) this may contribute to the development of phobias.
B) this is good for one's physical health.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 17

Various factors affected Freud's theory. Which of the following is not one of these influences?

A) Victorian era.
B) World War I.
C) academic psychology.
D) anti-semitism.

Question 18

According to Freud, scientific and artistic activities express the

A) sexual instincts.
B) aggressive instincts.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.

Question 19

The foundation for Freud's view of human functioning was the principle of

A) uncertainty.
B) conservation of energy.
C) regression to the mean.
D) all of the above.

Question 20

Freud suggested that people function according to the

A) evolutionary principle.
B) pleasure principle.
C) actualization principle.
D) all of the above.

Question 21

Id is to ego

A) fantasy is to reality.
B) anxiety is to cathexis.
C) defense mechanisms are to satisfaction.
D) "want" is to "ought".

Question 22

During the phallic stage the aim is

A) intercourse.
B) forepleasure and autoeroticism.
C) power and control over others.
D) incorporation of the loved object.

Question 23

Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the unconscious

A) plays a major role in motivation.
B) plays a minor role in motivation.
C) plays no role in motivaton.
D) its role cannot be determined.

Question 24

The preconscious differs from the unconscious in that

A) the preconscious relates to phenomena we are able to be aware of if we attend to them.
B) the preconscious relates to phenomena we cannot be aware of.
C) the preconscious relates to phenomena before they happen.
D) there is no difference.

Question 25

A critical element of subliminal psychodynamic activation research is that

A) the stimuli must be neutral.
B) the stimuli must be active.
C) the stimuli cannot be presented psychodynamically.
D) the stimuli must be perceived subliminally.

Question 26

According to Freud's psychoanalytic formulations, the "pleasure principle" finds its expression in the operation of

A) the ego.
B) the superego.
C) the id.
D) all of the above.

Question 27

A part of psychoanalytic theory is that psychic life can be described in terms of the degree to which we are aware of phenomena. There are three such levels of awareness. Which of the following is not one of these levels?

A) conscience.
B) conscious.
C) unconscious.
D) preconscious.

Question 28

The id

A) seeks perfection.
B) seeks reality.
C) seeks pleasure.
D) all of the above.

Question 29

The most important and difficult to demonstrate aspect of the unconscious is

A) people's behavior always is influenced by events of which they are unaware.
B) people can recall things previously forgotten.
C) people keep memories and feelings out of awareness for motivated reasons.
D) none of the above

Question 30

Guilt and self-condemnation reflect the functioning of

A) the superego.
B) the ego.
C) the id.
D) all of the above.

Question 31

Which of the following is present at birth?

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) all of the above.

Question 32

The psychoanalytic structure that operates according to the pleasure principle is the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) none of the above.

Question 33

Id is to pleasure principle as ego is to

A) pain principle.
B) perfection principle.
C) societal principle.
D) reality principle.

Question 34

Contemporary research in psychology demonstrates that

A) there is no unconscious.
B) Freud's ideas about the unconscious were fundamentally correct.
C) unconscious processes are actually conscious.
D) unconscious processes exist but often differ from Freud's depictions of them.

Question 35

The level of consciousness where we are able to be aware of phenomena if we direct our attention to them is

A) unconscious.
B) preconscious.
C) conscious.
D) subliminal activation.

Question 36

The research on perceptual defense suggests that

A) people can consciously defend against certain perceptions.
B) people can unconsciously reject emotional stimuli.
C) people can unconsciously reject neutral stimuli.
D) all of the above.

Question 37

According to psychoanalytic theory, the instincts can be

A) blocked, expressed, displaced, aim-inhibited.
B) converted into animal magnetism.
C) diverted so that all energy is lost.
D) all of the above.

Question 38

If someone were to feel guilty about wanting to strike his father after being provoked, even though the action was never carried out, Freud would probably say that guilt was due to the action of which of the following?

A) weak ego.
B) harsh superego.
C) an emerging id.
D) both (a) and (c) in combination.

Question 39

Which of the following is not true?

A) the unconscious cannot be observed directly.
B) the unconscious is fluid.
C) the unconscious includes repressed wishes.
D) the unconscious tracks time and space.

Question 40

The psychoanalytic concept for the aspect of human functioning associated with rewards for striving for ideals and punishments for violating moral standards is the

A) unconscious.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) id.

Question 41

"Not looking" is expressive of the mechanism of defense called

A) projection.
B) denial.
C) repression.
D) blind-sight.

Question 42

For Freud, the goal of all behavior is

A) survival.
B) consciousness.
C) pleasure.
D) all of the above.

Question 43

The defense mechanism in which the person attributes to others what is denied in the self is called

A) projection.
B) isolation.
C) denial.
D) reaction formation.

Question 44

According to Freudian theory, personality is regarded as a hydraulic system with psychic energy being the currency of the system. According to Freud's later formulations, which of the following were the two major sources of psychic energy?

A) life instinct and libido.
B) death instinct and ego instincts.
C) ego instincts and sexual instincts.
D) life instinct and death instinct.

Question 45

Which defense mechanism plays a part in all other defense mechanisms?

A) reaction-formation.
B) repression.
C) rationalization.
D) regression.

Question 46

The mechanism of defense that is critical in alcohol and drug addiction is

A) projection.
B) denial.
C) repression.
D) sublimation.

Question 47

Research on projection suggests that defenses

A) are specific to content and circumstances.
B) are specific to content, but not circumstances.
C) are specific to circumstances, but not content.
D) are not affected by content and circumstances.

Question 48

The term "libido" is the name for the energy associated with Freud's

A) sexual instincts.
B) death instinct.
C) life instinct.
D) none of the above.

Question 49

Libido is

A) the energy of the life instinct.
B) the energy of the death instinct.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).

Question 50

Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the "Reality Principle" and the "Pleasure Principle" operate together in the following manner:

A) they are constantly opposed to each other.
B) they work "hand-in-hand" together.
C) when the "reality principle" is operative the "pleasure principle" is repressed.
D) when the "reality principle" is functioning, the functions of the "pleasure principle" are temporarily suspended.

Question 51

Repressive style is associated with

A) low reactivity to stress.
B) high self-esteem.
C) risk of health difficulties.
D) all of the above.

Question 52

Research on projection by Newman and colleagues indicates that

A) the only way to understand projection is to adopt the energy model of mind developed by Freud.
B) projection can be understood via the principles of contemporary social-cognitive psychology.
C) projection rarely occurs, contrary to Freud's expectations.
D) projection occurs very frequently, contrary to Freud's expectations.

Question 53

Experimental research on repressive coping styles by Weinberger, Schwartz, and Davidson demonstrates that:

A) people's self-reports of their level of anxiety accurately predict the level of anxiety they actually experience when they are in stressful situations.
B) some individuals who describe themselves as being "low anxious" actually show extremely high levels of anxiety reactions in stressful situations.
C) mental energy associated with conflicts that date back to childhood and concern sexuality are at the heart of all adult anxiety reactions, whether people realize it or not.
D) anxiety (or neuroticism) is primarily inherited (i.e., most of the variance in neuroticism is due to genetics).

Question 54

The defense mechanism that transforms anxiety-producing feelings into their opposite is

A) projection.
B) repression.
C) reaction formation.
D) undoing.

Question 55

Basically, defense mechanisms are mechanisms by which a person can defend oneself from anxiety emanating from which of the following sources?

A) ego.
B) id.
C) superego.
D) all of the above.

Question 56

Intellectualization occurs with the defense mechanism of

A) denial.
B) repression.
C) undoing.
D) isolation.

Question 57

The type of defense mechanism in which an action is recognized but the underlying motive for the action is not is

A) rationalization.
B) reaction-formation.
C) repression.
D) denial.

Question 58

Rationalization involves

A) dismissing a thought from consciousness.
B) perception of an action but not the motive for it.
C) denial of the emotion accompanying an act.
D) rationing the affect to fit the situation.

Question 59

The process when you remove a thought or wish from consciousness is

A) repression.
B) anxiety.
C) execution.
D) guilt.

Question 60

John says that if he really puts his mind to it he could ace the course. This illustrates which mechanism of defense?

A) projection.
B) isolation.
C) undoing.
D) rationalization.

Question 61

The correct order of progression through Freud's stages of psychosexual development is

A) anal - oral - genital - latency-phallic.
B) oral - anal - genital - latency-phallic.
C) oral - anal - phallic - latency-genital.
D) oral - phallic - anal - latency-genital.

Question 62

Psychoanalytic theory suggests that unconscious influences are found in

A) out of character behavior.
B) rational action.
C) mathematical formulas.
D) all of the above.

Question 63

Which of the following is not a defense mechanism?

A) undoing.
B) denial.
C) reaction-formation.
D) subliminal psychodynamic activation.

Question 64

Evidence of the influence of images presented with a tachistoscope supports the principle of

A) repression.
B) sublimation.
C) catharsis.
D) perception without awareness.

Question 65

Relative to those low on repression, repressors

A) recall negative emotions and early memories.
B) recall negative emotions but not early memories.
C) recall early memories but not negative emotions.
D) have trouble recalling negative emotions and early memories.

Question 66

The terms "anal," "genital," and "oral" refer to

A) erogenous zones.
B) shifting foci of body tension with development.
C) developmental stages in psychoanalytic theory.
D) all of the above.

Question 67

The student who said (s)he flunked the major exam because the questions were childish is using the defense mechanism called

A) undoing.
B) projection.
C) reaction-formation.
D) rationalization.

Question 68

Research on repression suggests that

A) guilt decreases arousal.
B) physiological arousal may be blocked.
C) physiological arousal may not be perceived.
D) arousal increases guilt.

Question 69

Research indicates that events of early childhood may leave an emotional memory that influences later functioning without the person having a conscious memory of the event. This is because a part of the brain, the amygdala, is involved at that point in time but prior to the development of more mature brain structures involved in memory, such as the hippocampus. This finding is

A) Consistent with both psychoanalytic theory and cognitive science
B) Consistent with only psychoanalytic theory
C) Consistent with only cognitive science
D) Inconsistent with both psychoanalytic theory and cognitive science

Question 70

Another term for perception without awareness is

A) repression.
B) sublimation.
C) subliminal perception.
D) supraliminal perception.

Question 71

In an experiment by Westen and Weinberger, participants judged a supposed political candidate less favorably if they had been subliminally primed with the word RATS than if they had been subliminally primed with other less negative words (e.g., STAR). Which of the following psychoanalytic concepts does this best illustrate?

A) The reality principle
B) Secondary process thinking
C) Unconscious processing
D) Free association

Question 72

The Oedipus Complex is associated with

A) identification with the like-sexed parent.
B) the beginning of superego.
C) castration anxiety.
D) all of the above.

Question 73

In examination of the operation of mechanisms of defense one can expect them to appear

A) under all conditions.
B) under conditions of threat.
C) when the person is asleep.
D) when a person is intoxicated or tired.

Question 74

The defense mechanism in which the original object of gratification is replaced by a higher cultural goal is called

A) sublimation.
B) projection.
C) repression.
D) rationalization.

Question 75

The "major" or "primary" defense mechanism, according to psychoanalytic theory is

A) rationalization.
B) projection.
C) repression.
D) denial.

Question 76

The development of the superego is often associated with the end of which stage of psychosexual development?

A) genital.
B) phallic.
C) oral.
D) anal.

Question 77

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves replacement of the original object of gratification with a higher cultural goal?

A) repression.
B) sublimation.
C) denial.
D) reaction-formation.

Question 78

Within the psychoanalytic system of personality and personality development, the transition from "Primary Process" thinking to "Secondary Process" thinking is parallel to

A) development of the id and the superego.
B) the development of the ego and the superego.
C) the development of the id and the ego.
D) none of the above.

Question 79

Which of the following is not descriptive of primary process thought?

A) language of conscious.
B) often seen in dreams.
C) characteristics of people are fused and mixed.
D) fantasy and reality slip into one another.

Question 80

The overprotective mother who cannot allow into consciousness any hostility toward her children is using the defense mechanism of

A) reaction formation.
B) sublimation.
C) denial.
D) rationalization.