Deck 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Which of the following statements accurately describes motor development in middle childhood?

A) Motor skills in infancy do not predict motor abilities of school-age children.
B) Gross motor skills in middle childhood do not change as much as fine motor skills do.
C) Girls tend to outperform boys in fine motor skills.
D) Boys tend to outperform girls in fine motor skills.

Answer 1

Girls tend to outperform boys in fine motor skills.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a change that occurs in a child's ability to process information during middle childhood?

A) School-age children are better able to attend to information they are introduced to.
B) School-age children are better able to determine what information is important.
C) School-age children have a reduced need to use strategies to retain information.
D) School-age children can retain information more effectively than younger children.

Answer 2

School-age children have a reduced need to use strategies to retain information.

Question 3

Mrs. Miller told her third-grade class to line up from shortest to tallest. They were able to get in line very quickly. Why were they able to accomplish this task so fast?

A) Because they are able to display transitive inference.
B) Because they have the classification ability of seriation.
C) Because they understand conservation.
D) Because they have sensorimotor ability.

Answer 3

Because they have the classification ability of seriation.

Question 4

In middle childhood, children grow _____ inches per year.

A) 1 to 2.
B) 2 to 3.
C) 3 to 4.
D) 4 to 5.

Question 5

Which of the following is not an example of classification skills in middle childhood?

A) Seriation
B) Conservation
C) Transitive influence
D) Class inclusion

Question 6

Which of the following is not considered to be an important developmental advantage that rough-and-tumble play provides?

A) Play with friends
B) Perceptual development
C) The development of social skills
D) Learning new motor skills

Question 7

Maria participates in an experiment where the experimenter shows her two identical balls of clay and watches as she rolls one ball of clay into a long hot-dog shape and leaves the other ball of clay in the original round ball. Maria is then asked which piece has more clay. Maria is 9 years of age and knows that the two shapes contain the same amount of clay. What principle does Maria understand?

A) Object typing
B) Object constancy
C) Object identity
D) Object reversibility

Question 8

What percentage of children in the United States under the age of 18 are diagnosed with chronic medical conditions that require special health services?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 40%

Question 9

Considering cultural differences in concrete operational reasoning, when are children more likely to display logical reasoning?

A) They are more likely to display logical reasoning when experiencing a model who displays logical reasoning.
B) They are more likely to display logical reasoning when considering substances with which they are familiar.
C) They are more likely to display logical reasoning when the experimenter is white.
D) They are more likely to display logical reasoning when working on a task with another person.

Question 10

Which stage in Piaget's cognitive-developmental perspective involves children gaining the capacity to use logic to solve problems but still are unable to apply logic to abstract and hypothetical situations?

A) Preoperational stage of reasoning
B) Sensorimotor stage of reasoning
C) Formal operational stage of reasoning
D) Concrete operational stage of reasoning

Question 11

_____ children grow faster and are taller and heavier than white children of the same age.

A) Asian American
B) Hispanic
C) East Indian
D) African American

Question 12

Michelle has three children who all have been identified by their pediatrician as at risk for obesity. Based on the research on childhood obesity, which of the following suggestions do you think their pediatrician gave to Michelle?

A) He suggested that they watch certain television shows targeted at messages of health and nutrition.
B) He suggested that the children see a therapist to boost their self-esteem.
C) He suggested that the children play video games targeted at teaching about health.
D) He suggested that she should make sure that they have a home-cooked evening meal together each night.

Question 13

Which of the following programs has not been found to be an effective strategy to reduce childhood obesity?

A) Programs that target reducing children's screen time.
B) Programs that teach children about nutrition.
C) Programs that increase self-esteem.
D) Programs that increase children's physical activity.

Question 14

How do health care professionals determine whether someone is in the healthy range for weight?

A) Weight measured by a scale
B) Visual appearance
C) Measuring body mass index (BMI)
D) Size of clothing

Question 15

All of Annabelle's teachers comment on what nice penmanship she has. She also loves to braid friendship bracelets and play the flute. Annabelle is demonstrating skill in which area of motor development?

A) Instrumental skills
B) Spatial skills
C) Gross motor skills
D) Fine motor skills

Question 16

Which of the following is not an outcome that children with asthma experience?

A) Unhappiness at school
B) Victimization from bullies
C) Obesity
D) School absence

Question 17

How is a child's capacity to solve conservation problems related to advances in information processing abilities?

A) Children need to be able to sense differences (sensory memory) in objects in order to conserve.
B) Numerical conservation is associated with the development of working memory.
C) Conservation ability involves information stored in long-term memory.
D) Children use metacognitive strategies to solve conservation problems, which are a part of information processing.

Question 18

The central executive is an important part of:

A) working memory.
B) long-term memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) attentional memory.

Question 19

What is the most pressing and preventable health problem facing children today?

A) Obesity
B) Asthma
C) High blood pressure
D) Ear infections

Question 20

Which part of the brain is responsible for balance, coordination, and some aspects of emotion and reasoning?

A) Cerebellum
B) Prefrontal cortex
C) Corpus callosum
D) Amygdala

Question 21

Monica attends a private boarding school with a strict dress code and many rules for acceptable behavior. When asked why she won't wear clothes that are against dress code, she says that the principal made the rules for a reason and that it is up to him to change them; she doesn't have the right to change the dress code just because she doesn't like it. Which stage of moral reasoning is Monica most likely in?

A) Stage 3-conventional moral reasoning
B) Stage 4-conventional moral reasoning
C) Stage 1-morality of constraint
D) Stage 1-preconventional moral reasoning

Question 22

Carter is studying for his biology exam. He is trying to remember the process of photosynthesis. He creates a story about a flower growing in a field that illustrates photosynthesis. What memory strategy is he using?

A) Elaboration
B) Organization
C) Rehearsal
D) Refinement

Question 23

Lauren is considered to be very sensitive to other people's moods. She works well with others and enjoys discussing controversial topics. She is a salesperson and makes a lot of money in commission because of her ability to interact with others. Which intelligence is Lauren high in?

A) Intrapersonal intelligence
B) Interpersonal intelligence
C) Naturalist intelligence
D) Verbal-linguistic intelligence

Question 24

Why does the Flynn effect occur?

A) Because of maturation.
B) Because of the higher rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
C) Because children today are not challenged as frequently as before.
D) Because of contextual factors-specifically, changes in education and environmental stimulation.

Question 25

What is the most widely used individually administered intelligence test for children?

A) The Bayley Scales of Development (Bayley-III)
B) The Stanford-Binet
C) The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
D) The Denver Developmental Test

Question 26

Which of the following statements is not consistent with analytical intelligence?

A) Individuals high in analytical intelligence generate and apply strategies to solve problems well.
B) Individuals high in analytical intelligence engage in metacognition.
C) Individuals high in analytical intelligence process information efficiently.
D) Individuals high in analytical intelligence learn easily and organize information well.

Question 27

David is taking the Working Memory Index (WMI) portion of the WISC-IV. Which of the following is an example of a task on the WMI?

A) David is shown a design and he must recreate it using blocks that have the same colors.
B) David is shown a code that converts numbers into symbols and is asked to transcribe the lists of numbers into code.
C) David is read a list of numbers and he is asked to repeat them as heard or in reverse order.
D) David is asked a series of words and he needs to give their definition.

Question 28

Which view of intelligence states that intelligence is a set of mental abilities that permit individuals to adapt to any context and to select and modify the contexts in which they live and behave?

A) Cognitive-developmental
B) Multiple intelligences
C) Triarchic theory of intelligence
D) Behaviorist

Question 29

The central executive is responsible for all of the following except:

A) coordinating performance on two separate tasks or operations.
B) retrieving information from short-term memory.
C) quickly switching between tasks.
D) selectively attending to specific information and ignoring irrelevant information.

Question 30

Which of the following is not an illustration of the connection between intelligence scores and education?

A) IQ increases correspond to increases in GPA.
B) IQ rises with each year spent in school.
C) IQ drops over the summer vacation.
D) IQ improves during the school year.

Question 31

Kevin loves to hike and camp. He aspires to be a park ranger one day. He is an advocate for "green living," is very careful to compost his garbage, and has a large garden where he grows all his fruits and vegetables. Which intelligence is Kevin high in?

A) Intrapersonal intelligence
B) Bodily kinesthetic intelligence
C) Naturalist intelligence
D) Verbal-linguistic intelligence

Question 32

Nick decides to join Boy Scouts. He likes the structure scouts provide of being told how to act and the way that people give him positive reinforcement for being a Boy Scout. He wants others to see him as a good person, especially his parents and teachers. Which stage of moral reasoning is Nick most likely in?

A) Stage 3-conventional moral reasoning
B) Stage 4-conventional moral reasoning
C) Stage 1-morality of constraint
D) Stage 1-preconventional moral reasoning

Question 33

What part(s) of brain development is(are) responsible for improvements in memory, attention, and processing speed?

A) Synaptogenesis
B) Neurogenesis
C) Lateralization and neurogenesis
D) Myelination and pruning

Question 34

What is the difference between intelligence tests (IQ) and achievement tests?

A) IQ tests measure motivation, whereas achievement tests measure common sense.
B) Achievement tests measure intellectual aptitude, whereas IQ tests measure what one has already learned about a given topic.
C) Achievement tests measure motivation, whereas IQ tests measure common sense.
D) IQ tests measure intellectual aptitude, whereas achievement tests measure what one has already learned about a given topic.

Question 35

How does Howard Gardner view intelligence?

A) Intelligence is limited to what we can learn in formal schooling and our common sense.
B) Intelligence should only be measured through standardized IQ tests.
C) Intelligence is biologically based and is primarily influenced by genetics.
D) Intelligence is the ability to solve problems or create culturally valued products.

Question 36

How to divide goods fairly is known as:

A) conventional moral reasoning.
B) morality of constraint.
C) distributive justice.
D) morality of cooperation.

Question 37

Mary is taking a test where she is asked to recreate a design composed of red-and-white blocks using the same set of red-and-white blocks. What subtest on the WISC-IV is Mary taking?

A) Working Memory Index
B) Perceptual Reasoning Index
C) Verbal Comprehension Index
D) Processing Speed Index

Question 38

In science class, Kenzie is taught the acronym ROYGBIV to remember the colors of the rainbow (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). What is this called?

A) Rehearsal
B) Mnemonic strategy
C) Selectivity
D) Memory manipulation

Question 39

The information processing perspective describes development as entailing changes in:

A) the qualitative changes in reasoning.
B) the ability to imitate a more skilled person.
C) the connection between cognition and emotion.
D) the efficiency of cognition.

Question 40

The ability to use and understand the meaning and subtleties of words refers to:

A) interpersonal intelligence.
B) verbal-linguistic intelligence.
C) logical-mathematical intelligence.
D) intrapersonal intelligence.

Question 41

How old are children when they become capable of recognizing irony?

A) 5 to 6.
B) 3 to 4.
C) 7 to 8.
D) 9 to 10.

Question 42

Carol has poor reading skills. What can we expect about Carol's social development?

A) Carol will probably have a poor vocabulary, making it more difficult for her to communicate with her peers.
B) Carol doesn't need to read to understand pragmatics, so her peer relationships will not be affected.
C) Carol will most likely be held back in grade level and therefore have difficulty maintaining friendships.
D) Carol will be placed in a special reading class, which also fosters positive peer relationships.

Question 43

Why do children in Kohlberg's conventional moral reasoning take the perspective of the community at large?

A) Because they understand and internalize the norms and standards of authority figures.
B) Because they are worried about being punished for not following the rules.
C) Because they tend to do what they are told no matter what.
D) Because they assume that everyone sees the world as they do.

Question 44

Which of Piaget's moral reasoning stages corresponds with the advancement to the stage of concrete operational reasoning?

A) Distributive justice
B) Preconventional moral reasoning
C) Morality of constraint
D) Morality of cooperation

Question 45

Carter has a very difficult time sitting in his chair at school. He is constantly chewing on his pencil or fidgeting with something on his desk (or his neighbor's desk). He gets up out of his seat at inappropriate times. He blurts out answers when he is not called on and cannot wait his turn. Carter would most likely be diagnosed with:

A) ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation
B) ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
C) ADHD Combined Presentation
D) Anxiety disorder

Question 46

Which of the following is not a frequent cause for special education assistance in schools?

A) Intellectual disability
B) Learning disabilities
C) Anxiety disorder
D) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 47

Which grade level is considered to be a foundation for a child's educational career?

A) Preschool
B) Kindergarten
C) First grade
D) Fifth or sixth grade (grade before middle school)

Question 48

Kendra is very polite to her teacher and her mother. When she speaks to her younger brother, she tends to be rude and condescending. She is much nicer to him when her mother and father are present than when they are alone. Kendra understands:

A) distributive justice.
B) syntax.
C) pragmatics.
D) selective attention.

Question 49

Which type of rules are seen as less violable, contingent on authority or rules, or alterable than social conventions?

A) Moral rules
B) Conventional rules
C) Distributed rules
D) Rules of constraint

Question 50

Why are children in middle childhood better able to change their speech in response to the needs of listeners?

A) They are more likely to be reinforced for speaking correctly.
B) They are more attuned to modeling adult speech.
C) Age and advances in perspective-taking skill.
D) They are more exposed to language differences in reading.

Question 51

Which English language learning approach has been found to send children the message that their cultural heritage is respected and strengthens their cultural identity and self-esteem?

A) Immersion approach
B) Bilingualism
C) Dual language learning
D) Language redirection approach

Question 52

The current view of mathematics curriculum involves:

A) Rote learning, such as drills, memorization of number facts, and completion of workbooks.
B) Students working on their own to solve mathematical problems in a project-based learning approach.
C) The involvement of parents into the education of mathematics to provide students role models and a practical approach to math.
D) An emphasis on concepts, problem solving, and estimating and probability, as well as student interaction and social involvement in solving math problems.

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of a statement a child around the age of 8 would make?

A) I was so tired after I runned home.
B) I would have picked up my clothes if I had a basket to put them in.
C) I already did that.
D) You are dumb (said to his or her grandmother).

Question 54

Jennifer has extreme difficulty reading. She has difficulty in matching letters to sounds and difficulty with word recognition and spelling. Her eyesight is fine and she does well in other classes that do not involve reading. Jennifer would most likely be diagnosed with:

A) spatial difficulties.
B) dyslexia.
C) whole-language interference.
D) ADHD.

Question 55

How are reading and the understanding of mathematics related to a societal advantage?

A) Reading and math are tied to comparisons between countries, so higher reading and math scores mean higher status for the United States.
B) Reading and math are the main components of standards-based testing in schools.
C) Reading and math are fundamental to advancement in science and technology, which improve economic opportunities for both individuals and the society at large.
D) Reading and math are skills that all children must accomplish.

Question 56

Which English language learning approach has been found to bring a loss in native language?

A) Immersion approach
B) Bilingualism
C) Dual language learning
D) Language redirection approach

Question 57

Will uses curse words when he is hanging out with his friends, but he would never use a curse word in front of his grandma or his teacher. Will understands:

A) distributive justice.
B) pragmatics.
C) grammar.
D) selective attention.

Question 58

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics that describe vocabulary usage in middle childhood-aged children?

A) The children become more selective in their use of words.
B) The children learn that there are many words that can describe a given action, but the words often differ slightly in meaning.
C) The children have difficulty in choosing which words to use in the right context.
D) The children begin to appreciate that some words have psychological meanings as well as physical ones.

Question 59

Chen moved to the United States from China. She does not speak English well, but the principal of the school believes that children who have a different first language learn best by being in a classroom with English-speaking students. He thinks that Chen will learn English faster if she learns English and course content at the same time. What approach is Chen's school using?

A) Language redirection approach
B) Dual language learning
C) Bilingualism
D) Immersion approach

Question 60

When do children begin acting on the basis of benevolence (believing that others at a disadvantage should get special consideration)?

A) Around the age of 5.
B) Around the age of 3.
C) Around the age of 8.
D) Around the age of 10.

Question 61

Mainstreaming means:

A) children with special needs are educated in the general classroom with their peers for all or part of the day.
B) children with special needs are not diagnosed for learning disabilities until they reach fourth or fifth grade to avoid labeling.
C) children with special needs are taught in a separate classroom with other children who have similar special needs.
D) children with special needs should not be treated differently in school with the exception of classroom instruction time.

Question 62

Analytic, creative, and applied intelligence are considered to be the same across cultures.

Question 63

Better insulation of homes makes them more efficient at retaining heat but increases the risk of asthma for children today.

Question 64

Body image dissatisfaction can be seen as early as the preschool years.

Question 65

ADHD is nearly _____ heritable.

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 80%
D) 100%

Question 66

Dyslexia has been found to be associated with:

A) poor instruction in the early years of schooling with respect to reading.
B) children who were not exposed to books or read to as infants.
C) abnormalities in the brain.
D) an increase in mathematical ability.

Question 67

Currently schools tend to emphasize intelligence as defined by standardized IQ tests.

Question 68

The WISC is the first intelligence test to be standardized on samples of children who are geographically and ethnically representative of the total population of the United States.

Question 69

IQ test have been shown to have high validity in predicting school achievement, how long a child will stay in school, and career attainment in adulthood.

Question 70

Schooling influences the rate at which principles related to concrete operational reasoning are understood.

Question 71

Individuals who are high in interpersonal intelligence often learn second languages with ease.

Question 72

Critics of IQ testing believe that IQ tests are culturally biased.

Question 73

In the United States and Canada, legislation mandates that children with learning disabilities:

A) are to be placed in a separate classroom to better meet their educational needs.
B) should only be taught by teachers who have special training in the particular learning disability they have.
C) should receive private education paid for by the government in order to increase the probability that they will succeed.
D) are to be placed in the least restrictive environment (classrooms that are as similar as possible to classrooms for children without learning disabilities).

Question 74

Physical growth is often accompanied by growing pains, intermittent aches and stiffness in the legs because the bones of the skeleton are growing.

Question 75

Children who enter middle childhood with stunted growth and nutritional deficits can catch up with their peers during the growth spurt in adolescence.

Question 76

What does the inclusion approach to special education mean?

A) Children with special needs are taught in a separate classroom with other children who have similar special needs.
B) Children with learning disabilities are taught in the regular classroom with one main teacher.
C) Children with learning disabilities are taught in the regular classroom with a teacher or paraprofessional who is specially trained to meet their needs.
D) Children with special needs are not diagnosed for learning disabilities until they reach fourth or fifth grade to avoid labeling.

Question 77

Concrete operational reasoning is considered to be universal.

Question 78

Existing knowledge about a topic does not necessarily make it easier to learn more about that topic.

Question 79

Children do not need to practice conservation tasks in order to apply them to other conservation problems.

Question 80

Children judge conventional rules created by their peers as more legitimate than those created by adults.