Deck 4: The Self and Interaction

Question 1

What are the parts of the mind according to Sigmund Freud's theoretical perspective?

A) the looking-glass self and the dual nature of self
B) the dual nature of the self, the significant other, and the generalized other
C) the agents of socialization and the looking-glass self
D) the significant and the generalized other
E) the id, the ego, and the superego

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Several cases of children growing up in extreme social isolation, documented by Kingsley Davis, suggest that:

A) most mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction.
B) human intelligence is almost entirely determined by heredity.
C) the effects of isolation at an early age are easily reversible if caught in time.
D) the effects of extreme isolation in children are irreversible if the situation isn't corrected by the time the child is five years old.
E) Mead's view of the development of the self is flawed.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Children raised without human interaction or with a minimum of human contact are referred to as ____________ children.

A) feral
B) institutionalized
C) cognitively disadvantaged
D) environmentally challenged
E) isolationist

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What happens to individuals who are not socialized?

A) They are likely to produce their own words and therefore have a much larger vocabulary than the average person.
B) They tend to live with wild animals.
C) They are devoid of many of the qualities we associate with being human.
D) They have a much harder time with reading and math.
E) They are more likely to divorce.

Question 5

What was Sigmund Freud's greatest contribution to the understanding of the self?

A) his theory of total institutions
B) his use of the terms "generalized other" and "significant other"
C) his theory of the unconscious mind
D) his theory of the looking-glass self
E) his research on feral children

Question 6

The indie rock band the Halo Benders once sang: "Part environment
And part heredity
What we're born with
And what's been fed to me"
What issue is being referenced in this song?

A) the nature vs. nurture debate
B) impression management
C) dramaturgy
D) role conflict
E) how food affects our understanding of self

Question 7

Socialization refers to the:

A) lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.
B) fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned.
C) interaction between commodities and social institutions.
D) interaction between different societies' cultures.
E) process by which individuals come to know one another.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of socialization?

A) to ensure that society continues to exist
B) to teach norms, values, and beliefs
C) to teach individuals how to avoid danger and defend themselves
D) to help physically heal traumatic brain injuries
E) to teach the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs

Question 9

Which of the following is true of socialization?

A) It stops, generally around adulthood.
B) The process is reciprocal: society shapes the individual and the individual shapes society.
C) It stays consistent over time.
D) It is innate in humans.
E) It stays consistent in most social settings.

Question 10

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys get action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls get dolls and toy ovens that encourage domesticity. This is part of what process?

A) expressions of behavior
B) personality
C) socialization
D) social isolation
E) status conflict

Question 11

The nature vs. nurture debate helps us understand:

A) how to perfect survey research.
B) the contradictions between primary and secondary group socialization.
C) the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning.
D) why biology has nothing to do with human potential.
E) how biology determines physical characteristics, while social learning alone determines a person's personality and habits.

Question 12

How do sociologists define the self?

A) the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society
B) only the private innermost parts of the mind, those that are not usually shown to others
C) the experience of a real identity, distinct from other people
D) the unconscious parts of the mind, especially the id
E) the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with parents or guardians

Question 13

In the psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud, which component of our personalities is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personalities?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) the libido
E) the unconscious

Question 14

In his book The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud suggested that:

A) thoughts must originate in the superego.
B) behavior could best be explained through the looking-glass self.
C) the conscious level of awareness is but the tip of the iceberg and that just below the surface is a far greater area of the mind, the subconscious and the unconscious.
D) dreams result from inconsequential superstitions and have to be "worked through" in order for analysis to succeed.
E) people are in control of their own dreams and can consciously choose to steer them in one direction or another.

Question 15

Which of the following statements reflects the best understanding of the nature vs. nurture debate?

A) Nature matters, but nurture is far more important, as socialization accounts for far more of the variation between people.
B) Nature and nurture are each responsible for about the same number of personality traits.
C) While nature is responsible for some traits, like intelligence and athletic ability, nurture is responsible for emotional traits.
D) Nature and nurture are not opposing forces, but constantly modify each other as part of a larger interactive process.
E) Nature only plays a role in the purely physical aspects of our lives-such as height, weight, and eye color.

Question 16

Which part of the minds of feral children would Sigmund Freud expect to be most fully developed?

A) the psychosexual side
B) the superego
C) the id
D) the ego
E) the conscience

Question 17

According to Sigmund Freud, which part of the mind is composed of biological drives and consequently is the source of psychic energy?

A) the looking glass
B) the mark
C) the id
D) the ego
E) the superego

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the case of Isabelle, the child raised in isolation and studied by the sociologist Kingsley Davis?

A) Isabelle was an illegitimate child born in the 1930s to a deaf-mute mother.
B) Isabelle was kept secluded from the rest of the world in a dark room of her house.
C) Isabelle's behavior was primitive and bizarre at the time she was rescued by social workers.
D) Isabelle was delighted by the presence of strangers and warmly greeted the social workers who had come to rescue her.
E) Isabelle made rapid progress through the developmental stages once she began interacting with others.

Question 19

Recent research by marine biologists suggests that bottlenose dolphins have names for themselves. Scientists played through a synthesizer sounds they had identified as the names of particular dolphins (so they did not sound like the voices of particular dolphins) and found that dolphins would respond to the names of other dolphins they were related to or associated with but ignored the names of strangers. This discovery suggests a much greater degree of self-awareness in aquatic mammals than was previously suspected. If this research holds up, what does it suggest about dolphins?

A) They have an ego and a superego as humans do.
B) They go through stages of socialization.
C) Significant others are as important to them as they are to us.
D) The ocean may be like a frontstage area in Goffman's terminology.
E) They have a sense of self similar to that of humans.

Question 20

Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately 12. Victor was incapable of talking and never fully adjusted to life with other humans. This case shows the importance of:

A) impression management.
B) positive sanctions.
C) the superego.
D) an achieved status.
E) socialization.

Question 21

A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls her eyes. What would Erving Goffman call this?

A) disrespectful
B) dramatic
C) an expression of behavior
D) annoyance
E) backstage

Question 22

Sigmund Freud once said that the id was like a wild horse, and the ____________ was like a rider astride the horse, struggling to keep it under control.

A) ego-ideal
B) libido
C) neurosis
D) ego
E) superego

Question 23

The dual nature of the self, according to George Herbert Mead, refers to the idea that:

A) there is both a conscious and an unconscious nature of the self.
B) there is both a public and a private self.
C) there is a self that is presented in public, as well as a different self that is present backstage.
D) the self is experienced as both subject and object.
E) there is both a social and an instinctual side to the self.

Question 24

Imagine a child who consistently gets mediocre grades and is often picked last for a team when games are played at recess. However, he likes to make silly jokes and pranks, and he notices that people laugh when he does those things. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. This is part of the process that Charles Cooley called:

A) the psychosexual stages of development.
B) backstage.
C) the preparatory stage.
D) the looking-glass self.
E) impression management.

Question 25

Which theorist argued that if people "define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences"?

A) W. I. Thomas
B) Erving Goffman
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Charles Cooley
E) Emile Durkheim

Question 26

Which part of the mind would Freud have described as being like a "type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt?"

A) the ego
B) the master status
C) the superego
D) the id
E) the looking-glass self

Question 27

"Each to each a looking glass / Reflects the other that doth pass." This phrase, associated with Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in:

A) basic biological drives.
B) psychic energies toward creation and destruction.
C) the first stage of sexual development.
D) genetics.
E) interactions with other people.

Question 28

What do sociologists call the idea that all individuals act like mirrors to one another?

A) the agent of socialization
B) status
C) the looking-glass self
D) the unconscious
E) the particular other

Question 29

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is:

A) the inability of very young children to differentiate between themselves and others.
B) the guidelines and expectations associated with a particular role.
C) an understanding of the rules governing a number of different players in related roles.
D) any agent of socialization who serves to teach an individual to become a member of a social group.
E) the role toddlers take on when they graduate from the meaningless imitation of infancy to the play-acting stage of young childhood.

Question 30

According to George Herbert Mead, in what way is a game of football like society?

A) Football is one of the few games that allows individual agency.
B) In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else.
C) In both football and society, there are winners and losers.
D) Both football and society involve hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status.
E) Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

Question 31

If a college student plans to go to graduate school because she thinks of herself as having excellent critical thinking skills and a brilliant mind, where would Charles Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self suggest that she got these ideas?

A) Cooley would argue that these ideas are mostly genetic, part of the structure of her personality that she was born with.
B) Cooley would argue that she got the ideas as a child.
C) Cooley would argue that these ideas came from fellow students and teachers expressing admiration.
D) Cooley would argue that these ideas came from the ease with which she understood new ideas.
E) Cooley would argue that these ideas came from the inherent confidence that comes with truly exceptional mental abilities.

Question 32

Nancy Chodorow has adapted Freudian theory to help understand how patterns of gendered parenting and early-childhood development lead to the reproduction of traditional sex roles. Which of the following quotes sounds like it could be by Nancy Chodorow?

A) "The Collective Unconscious is universal and resonates with every human being. It cannot be built up like one's personal unconscious, because it predates the individual and is the repository of all the religious, spiritual, and mythological symbols and experiences of the human race."
B) "Humans act toward things based on the meanings the things have for them and these meanings arise out of the social interaction one has with others. Meaning is therefore a social product rather than a given or constant."
C) "It is more difficult for boys to develop an identity as they have to separate from their mothers and model themselves after a parent who is far more likely to be emotionally absent, while daughters maintain close and intense relationships with their primary role model, leading them to value nurturing and connecting with others."
D) "Men and women are inherently different due to an internal essence, and the difference is not just one of degrees, in fact they are opposites. Gender differences aren't really differences in gender, they reflect a biologically based difference that is consistent across all cultures."
E) "All individuals go through a preparatory stage in the first year of life, where they engage in meaningless imitation. This is followed by a play stage where children engage in 'taking the role of the other.'"

Question 33

Which one of the following is NOT an element of the looking-glass self?

A) We imagine how we appear to those around us.
B) We imagine others' evaluations of us.
C) We determine whether or not our parents' evaluations of us are similar to our grandparents'.
D) We develop a self-concept based on what we think others think of us.
E) We modify our own behavior based on what we believe others think of us.

Question 34

Susie isn't old enough to go to school yet, but she loves to play house. She has a toy stove and pretends to be a mother. Sometimes, when that gets boring, she goes outside, takes a garden hose, and pretends to be a firefighter. George Herbert Mead would say that she is:

A) taking into account the roles of all the other players.
B) in the play stage.
C) in the game stage.
D) her own generalized other.
E) aware of the roles of others.

Question 35

The looking-glass self explains:

A) why it is so difficult to see ourselves as others do.
B) how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us.
C) how young children come to realize that they have a separate identity.
D) the process of a self-fulfilling prophecy
E) why we respond to the generalized other.

Question 36

Here is a quote from Freud, describing a part of the mind as he theorized it: It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, what little we know of it we have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms. . . . We all approach [it] with analogies: we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations.
Which part of the mind was he talking about?

A) the ego
B) the id
C) the superego
D) the generalized other
E) the frontstage

Question 37

When an individual can internalize the expectations of other specific people, she has learned to:

A) sublimate the urges of the id into something constructive.
B) overcome the looking-glass self.
C) take the role of the particular or significant other.
D) take the role of the generalized other.
E) follow the rules of games.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Charles Cooley's model of the looking-glass self?

A) We try to interpret others' reactions to our presence and our presentation of ourselves.
B) We imagine others' judgments of ourselves.
C) We experience ourselves based on our perception of others' opinions.
D) We imagine how we look to others.
E) We attempt to achieve pleasure and avoid pain.

Question 39

According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games?

A) the values and beliefs of their parents
B) the behaviors associated with particular roles
C) how to imitate things
D) the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole
E) the unconscious drives that make them behave the way they do

Question 40

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, why is playing organized games an important part of an older child's development of the self?

A) Game playing involves learning emotional self-control.
B) Game playing reinforces the primary group ties essential to emotional well-being.
C) Game playing teaches strict obedience to rules and norms.
D) Game playing is a microcosm of the business world children will eventually enter as adults.
E) Game playing involves taking on multiple roles and learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of expressions given, as defined by Erving Goffman?

A) They are typically verbal and intentional.
B) They are typically nonverbal.
C) They may be either intentional or unintentional.
D) They often include facial expressions, body language, and style of dress.
E) They are usually beyond the control of the individual giving them.

Question 42

Sociologists have often wondered about financial collapses, like those of the 1930s, in which rumors of insolvency, when believed by enough depositors, resulted in bank failures. What sociological concept describes this phenomenon?

A) expressions given off
B) the Thomas theorem
C) dramaturgy
D) the generalized other
E) the dual nature of the self

Question 43

Which of the following is true of expressions given off, as defined by Erving Goffman?

A) They are usually verbal.
B) They are always under the control of the person giving them off.
C) They often happen so quickly that the naked eye cannot process them.
D) They are typically nonverbal, but observable in various ways.
E) They are always misleading.

Question 44

Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which each individual works to control the impressions others have of her. What did Goffman call this process?

A) impression management
B) the existential dilemma
C) cooling the mark out
D) peer socialization
E) resocialization

Question 45

A waitress is hired at the local branch of La Maison de la Casa House, and on her first day, she is given strict instructions to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "sir" or "madam." All of these things are elements of:

A) the region.
B) backstage.
C) the looking-glass self.
D) role strain.
E) her personal front.

Question 46

When a college professor begins to lecture and the class at least pretends to take notes, what are the students doing in terms of impression management?

A) cooling the mark out
B) observing the self from the inside
C) socializing the professor
D) interacting with their peers
E) supporting the self that the professor is trying to project

Question 47

Which of the following sources of socialization forms the foundation for all other socializing agents?

A) family
B) peer groups
C) school
D) mass media
E) none of the above

Question 48

Some people are disturbed by Goffman's work, because it seems to suggest that no one is ever being honest about who they are. What would Goffman say to this?

A) He would argue that, while people are always trying to deceive, they are rarely successful, and that deception isn't worth worrying about.
B) He would say that regardless of who an individual feels herself to "really" be, she must still present that self; it is never self-evident.
C) He would largely agree with this conclusion, suggesting that people are constantly seeking to deceive others in order to gain some advantage.
D) He would argue that there are actually many circumstances when a person does not have to worry about presentation of self, and when others can tell what sort of person he is.
E) He would suggest that people are almost never dishonest in their presentation of self.

Question 49

Because impression management relies so much on strategies of performance, scholars have called Erving Goffman's ideas:

A) psychoanalysis.
B) the dual self.
C) self-centered society.
D) embodied statuses.
E) dramaturgy.

Question 50

The University of California, Santa Barbara, is located near the Pacific Ocean, and many students live within walking distance of the beach. Although it feels perfectly normal to wear a bathing suit while at the beach, most students put on a cover-up or wrap themselves in a towel to make the short walk back to their apartments. The beach, unlike the street, is a(n) ____________ that makes it seem normal and acceptable to be wearing nothing but a bathing suit.

A) agent of socialization
B) front
C) generalized other
D) looking-glass self
E) superego

Question 51

If a professor were to trip over his own feet and fall down while trying to write something on the blackboard, very few students would point and laugh. And if the professor then loudly insisted, "I meant to do that!" chances are no one would contradict him, at least not verbally, but instead would assist their instructor in regaining his dignity. What would Goffman call this process?

A) cooling the mark out
B) dramaturgy
C) the social construction of reality
D) the ghost in the machine
E) autoethnography

Question 52

What is the name of the social research method that involves an individual observing her own behavior?

A) participant observation
B) dramaturgy
C) symbolic interactionism
D) copresence
E) autoethnography

Question 53

Many people are afraid of hitchhikers. Imagine that, to get a ride, a hitchhiker makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can, so it looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that he was working on:

A) emotion work.
B) impression management.
C) meta-analysis.
D) role strain.
E) socialization.

Question 54

Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of:

A) role strain.
B) an individual's personal front.
C) setting or region.
D) expressions given.
E) the superego.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The family as an agent of socialization has only recently risen to the role of the most significant source of socialization.
B) Peers as an agent of socialization have only recently risen to the role of the most significant source of socialization.
C) School as an agent of socialization has recently risen to the role of the most significant source of socialization.
D) Mass media as an agent of socialization has recently risen to the role of one of the most significant sources of socialization.
E) Consumerism as an agent of socialization has recently risen to the role of the most significant source of socialization.

Question 56

When you play high stakes poker, it is silly to tell your opponents that you have a good hand. However, particularly good poker players say they can read other players' "tells"-the subtle and unintentional facial expressions, mannerisms, and body language that reveal what they are thinking. What would Erving Goffman call tells?

A) expressions given off
B) the dual nature of the self
C) expressions given
D) the game stage
E) the social construction of reality

Question 57

Given that we try to understand how others have defined situations, why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given?

A) Expressions given off are easy to use in deceptive ways.
B) It is harder to manipulate expressions given off.
C) Expressions given are almost never intentional.
D) Expressions given off are almost always verbal and intentional.
E) Expressions given are meant to communicate something, whereas expressions given off are sometimes accidental.

Question 58

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins: "All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts"
Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?

A) agents of socialization
B) dramaturgy
C) the psychosexual stages of development
D) functionalism
E) the social construction of emotions

Question 59

What does Erving Goffman call it when we help someone save face by preventing them from realizing that they've done something embarrassing?

A) agency
B) impression management
C) cooling the mark out
D) reverse socialization
E) adult socialization

Question 60

Churches usually teach their members rules, often codifying these rules into formal commandments to be followed. In that they are at all successful, churches would be called:

A) dramaturgists.
B) part of the media.
C) closer to nature than nurture.
D) total institutions.
E) agents of socialization.

Question 61

Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?

A) family
B) peers
C) media
D) school
E) none of the above

Question 62

What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn's program, in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs, and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction?

A) The process of training dogs helps to resocialize prisoners.
B) Sister Pauline's program showed that humans sometimes see themselves in their pets.
C) The program now has branches in almost every prison in the United States, demonstrating globalization.
D) Quinn's program was founded on Freudian principles, including the idea of the id, ego, and superego.
E) The original research on Quinn's program was done by George Herbert Mead, who laid the groundwork for research on the self and interaction.

Question 63

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?

A) Respect for parents is one of the key values of modern society.
B) No matter what stage of life we are in, families play an important role in our everyday lives.
C) In recent years, the family has begun to take on greater responsibilities.
D) Families begin the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.
E) Family values are strong today in the United States.

Question 64

Why are adults not considered to be completely socialized?

A) Most people eventually enter a total institution, which requires them to learn a whole new set of norms.
B) There will always be new situations and new roles to learn.
C) People are spending more and more time in school.
D) The family and school do a poor job of socializing children.
E) Adults tend to watch more television than adolescents.

Question 65

Which of the following is an example of an altered life circumstance that will require a significant degree of resocialization?

A) picking a college major
B) adopting a kitten
C) getting a promotion at work
D) retiring
E) all of the above

Question 66

What is a position in a social hierarchy called that comes with a set of expectations?

A) a role
B) a backstage
C) a stereotype
D) an agent of socialization
E) a status

Question 67

Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter which of the following?

A) a total institution
B) an orientation course
C) an open institution
D) a technical course
E) a partial institution

Question 68

What sorts of things do students learn from the hidden curriculum?

A) vandalism, truancy, and other forms of deviance
B) punctuality, neatness, and discipline
C) math, reading, and science
D) civics and the principles of American government
E) literature

Question 69

The term "total institution" applies to which of the following?

A) colleges
B) prisons
C) families
D) workplace
E) movie theaters

Question 70

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

A) government
B) peers
C) media
D) schools
E) religion

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT one of the four predominant agents of socialization in contemporary society?

A) religion
B) family
C) peers
D) mass media
E) school

Question 72

In 2000 Campbell's Soup Company launched an ad campaign that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls. The girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake, but the boys explained that "lots of Campbell's soups are low in calories," which made them okay for the girls to eat. The ads were pulled after parents expressed concern. Why were parents worried?

A) The ads seemed to tell boys that it was okay to be fat.
B) The calorie count was deceptive.
C) Soup isn't a part of a healthy diet.
D) The ads taught girls to worry about their weight and negatively affected their body image.
E) Even if they are low in calories, soups are packed full of preservatives and sodium, which is very bad for the skin.

Question 73

Sister Pauline Quinn's dog-training program benefits everyone involved: the dogs, the prisoners, the prisons, and the disabled. With this in mind, Quinn called the program:

A) "part of a chain reaction of good."
B) "the best way to reduce crime without spending more money."
C) "the easiest way to help the disabled available to our government today."
D) "part of a larger social movement directed at shutting down penal establishments."
E) "a start, but only a start, at reshaping the way that animals are treated in this country."

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of resocialization?

A) a teenager being pressured to take up smoking by his friends
B) ads for fast food that air during Saturday morning cartoons to convince children to eat more cheeseburgers
C) parents teaching their children how to behave around company
D) a stay-at-home mother becoming paralyzed in a car accident
E) a child attending the first day of kindergarten

Question 75

Many of us have fond memories of kindergarten, perhaps because there was more time for activities like making art from macaroni and reading stories. However, a sociologist might point out that kindergarteners are not just being taught about arts and crafts. They're also being taught how to be students: how to sit still, take orders, remain in their seats, and behave in school-skills that will be necessary for the rest of their education. What are these other things that are taught in kindergarten called?

A) expressions of behavior
B) the hidden curriculum
C) secondary socialization
D) theories of the self
E) the ego

Question 76

Why might socialization change, not just between families, but also within the same family over time?

A) The family is rapidly becoming the least significant agent of socialization.
B) Parents have no experience when their first child is born, so every subsequent child is socialized according to what has been learned with older siblings.
C) In certain historical periods, the family had very little influence on the socialization process.
D) The type of socialization the family carries out is ultimately dependent on schools.
E) Parents socializing children have no true, essential selves.

Question 77

Resocialization is particularly severe when individuals are severed from their previous relations with society, and their former identities are stripped away. What sort of life change would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?

A) remarriage
B) the start of a new job in a new field
C) retirement
D) the birth of a first child
E) entry into a total institution

Question 78

Research on teen smoking and other deviant behaviors has found that the most important factor in statistically predicting if a teen will take up a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who also engage in that behavior. This is probably because the other teens are acting:

A) in ways that are closely connected to the family.
B) in cooperation with schools and the media.
C) as the most powerful long-term force in their friends' lives.
D) as agents of socialization.
E) in loco parentis.

Question 79

What did Harvard Medical School researchers conclude about the effects of the media on young people in Fiji, who until recently lacked widespread access to television?

A) Television had few effects when it was first introduced but will probably be a significant long-term influence.
B) The traditional culture of Fiji countered the more harmful effects of media socialization.
C) Television affected young women's body images.
D) Television increased the level of teen violence.
E) Television had almost no effect whatsoever.

Question 80

How is a role different from a status?

A) A role is located in the physical body.
B) A role involves behaviors.
C) A role doesn't involve hierarchy.
D) A role doesn't involve status.
E) A role is earned or imposed in some way.