Deck 16: Practicing and Applying Anthropology

Question 1

What does the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act do?

A) makes it a felony to collect, own, or transfer human remains of known affinity to any Native American group, without approval of that group
B) protects the right of Native American cultures to practice their traditional burial ceremonies, including burials, cremations, and defleshing of bones
C) prohibits anyone unaffiliated with a Native American culture from burying their dead in a tribal cemetery
D) allows members of Native American groups to exhume human remains and rebury them in their ancestral lands

Answer 1

makes it a felony to collect, own, or transfer human remains of known affinity to any Native American group, without approval of that group

Question 2

If an employer expects an anthropologist to conduct work that violates the professional code of ethics, and the anthropologist cannot convince the employer to change the practices, what does the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology recommend?

A) withdraw from the work
B) complete the current contract
C) write a letter of complaint
D) file a lawsuit against the employer

Answer 2

withdraw from the work

Question 3

Which field of anthropology is devoted to solving crimes, helping to locate mass graves, and identifying victims of war and state-sponsored brutality?

A) forensic anthropology
B) archaeology
C) biological anthropology
D) ethnology

Answer 3

forensic anthropology

Question 4

Anthropologists who call themselves applied or practicing anthropologists are not usually employed in which setting?

A) universities
B) charitable foundations
C) public interest law firms
D) profit-seeking corporations

Question 5

What possible situation must be considered when deciding to provide vaccinations against life-threatening disease to a new community?

A) whether the society has the resources to sustain the potential population increase
B) if the vaccine has minor side effects, such as headache or fever
C) what time of year to give the vaccine, since its efficacy is seasonal
D) if social stratification might prevent every individual from receiving the vaccine

Question 6

What was one cultural barrier found in one study about lowering carbon emissions in Chicago communities?

A) People did not want to hang laundry outside to dry, because it was seen as a marker of low status.
B) People knew that public transport was better for the environment, but felt it was too expensive.
C) People were unaware of what steps they could take to reduce carbon emissions.
D) People understood how to reduce carbon emissions, but did not care to do so.

Question 7

According to the code of ethics adopted by the Society for Applied Anthropology in 1948, __________.

A) the target community should be included as much as possible in the formulation of policy
B) anthropologists should not do research on applied questions unless specifically asked to do so by the people affected
C) the first responsibility of the anthropologist in the field is to his sponsors, second to himself or herself, and third to the people being studied
D) there is no need to include the target community in planning a study

Question 8

Which of the following was one of the strategies used by Gerald Murray's successful reforestation project in Haiti?

A) providing tree species that could be interspersed with other crops
B) giving farmers seedlings for big, slow-to-mature tree species
C) having farmers plant seedlings in a large communal lot
D) telling farmers that the government owned the trees

Question 9

The ethics of applied anthropologists require that __________.

A) the anthropologist must not take any action that is harmful to the interests of the community
B) only pure research can be applied to a particular problem
C) the anthropologist in charge of the project balances the needs of his employer with those of the local community
D) the anthropologist working with a community must answer to the needs of his or her employer

Question 10

Which Native American community has initiated a program to train and employ tribal members in cultural resource management?

A) Zuni
B) Hopi
C) Pima
D) Comanche

Question 11

Which groups that seem to be the key to effective development are increasingly seeking the help of applied anthropologists?

A) indigenous grassroots movements
B) government organizations
C) nongovernment organizations
D) private companies

Question 12

Which of the following applied anthropologists applied cultural anthropology to a forensic investigation involving several elder Bannock-Shoshoni women?

A) Barbara Joans
B) Clyde Snow
C) Wayne Warry
D) Kathy Reichs

Question 13

What negative side effect came with the FUNAI plan to introduce rice agriculture to the Bakairí?

A) The people became dependent on cash for fuel, fertilizer, and repairs.
B) They ended up with less food after the introduction of agriculture than they had had previously.
C) Many of the children developed nutritional deficiencies after shifting to a simpler diet.
D) The dominant members of society hoarded the wealth for themselves.

Question 14

What factor contributed to the success of Anita Spring's agricultural development program in Malawi?

A) Malawi's willingness to implement change
B) Spring's exceptionally large budget
C) the influence of young Malawian men
D) the fact that Spring was native to the region

Question 15

Anthropologists have usually studied peoples who are __________.

A) disadvantaged
B) dominant
C) wealthy
D) going extinct

Question 16

Anthropologists are most often involved in __________, rather than __________.

A) gathering information; constructing policy
B) constructing policy; gathering information
C) initiating action; gathering information
D) initiating action; constructing policy

Question 17

Which of these is a risk of water projects, as identified by anthropologist Michael Cernea?

A) landlessness
B) overpopulation
C) mortality
D) infrastructure collapse

Question 18

What was the ethical dilemma presented by the remains of Kennewick Man?

A) The group claiming a relationship with the remains did not want them tested, which is the only way to confirm the relationship.
B) The state of Washington had legally awarded the remains to the Umatilla, but the federal government had overturned the ruling.
C) A Native American group claimed the remains as an ancestor, but there was clear evidence that the skeleton was of European descent.
D) Anthropologists insisted that the skeleton be displayed in a museum, in defiance of the traditional burial practices required by Umatilla culture.

Question 19

CRM archaeologists use a(n) __________ to determine how to protect or salvage as much of the archaeological record as possible before a major building project.

A) mitigation plan
B) improvement scheme
C) salvage arrangement
D) alleviation program

Question 20

Recovering and recording the archaeological record before programs of planned change disturb or destroy it is called __________.

A) cultural resource management (CRM)
B) cultural repository excavation (CRE)
C) archaeological excavation management (AEM)
D) archaeological resource management (ARM)

Question 21

How did anthropologist Susan Squires help a breakfast food company develop the product Go-Gurt?

A) She watched families with young children at breakfast to see what was needed.
B) She analyzed the nutritional content of various children's cereals.
C) She interviewed grocery store managers to find out which products sold best to families.
D) She developed a marketing campaign to encourage parents to cook a full breakfast every day.

Question 22

Why did early archaeological artifacts usually end up in natural history museums?

A) At the time, non-Western artifacts were not considered art, nor were the cultures of non-Western peoples considered part of history.
B) Art and history museums were not separated from natural history museums until the late 19th century.
C) Archaeological relics were usually provided by treasure-hunters, who did not have the necessary information to identify the pieces accurately.
D) Natural history museums had the lowest attendance in the 18th century, so they served as the repositories for miscellaneous items.

Question 23

Which of these cannot be detected by forensic anthropologists?

A) skin color
B) age
C) sex
D) size

Question 24

How has General Motors been impacted by its efforts to improve its organizational culture?

A) It has improved substantially over many objective measures since beginning its research.
B) The research was ineffective, and organizational culture and business output remain about the same.
C) It implemented the changes suggested by anthropologists, but has suffered poor business outcomes ever since.
D) It has seen moderate improvements, but there is no way to know if this was related to the change in its organizational culture.

Question 25

What role have forensic anthropologists played in recent human rights investigations?

A) They locate and identify victims of state-sanctioned killings.
B) They provide a voice for underrepresented cultures in legal matters.
C) They connect indigenous communities with Western medical treatments.
D) They investigate and preserve the lifeways of dying cultures.

Question 26

Which of the following is a museum position typically filled by anthropologists?

A) collection manager
B) marketing director
C) financial manager
D) volunteer director

Question 27

At which stage in an environmental study would anthropological expertise be most useful?

A) finding out how land is used now and in the past
B) collecting satellite data for the region
C) fund-raising for the environmental study
D) researching previous studies on land use and environmental problems

Question 28

What example of cultural misunderstanding did anthropologist Jill Kleinberg find in her study of Japanese-owned firms in the United States?

A) The American employees were frustrated by the lack of opportunities to advance, and the Japanese managers felt the Americans were too hard to manage.
B) The American employees were very time-oriented, while the Japanese managers were frequently late to meetings.
C) The American employees were very formal when speaking with their co-workers or supervisors, but the Japanese managers had a relaxed, informal style.
D) The American employees felt the workday was too long, while the Japanese managers complained about the laziness of the workers.

Question 29

Which of these is an example of a temporary cultural barrier to solving a problem at hand?

A) Many people do not believe that disease can be transmitted through water.
B) People in many cultures do not value health the way we do in the West.
C) A group of people may not be interested in a change that conflicts with their religious views.
D) Legal or ethnic limitations prevent the planned change from taking effect.

Question 30

Because of U.S. federal laws on historic preservation, which of these is a likely place to find CRM archaeologists at work?

A) highway construction projects
B) coal mine operations
C) development of a shopping center
D) preparing farmland for planting

Question 31

The Aswan dam projects were successful due to the work of __________.

A) archaeologists
B) environmental anthropologists
C) forensic anthropologists
D) business anthropologists

Question 32

What specialized research method could Murray-as an anthropologist-bring to the Haiti reforestation evaluation?

A) participant observation
B) translation
C) interviews
D) focal groups

Question 33

Why have the Kayapo been so successful in gaining international attention for their interests?

A) They have been able to present themselves as guardians of the rain forest.
B) They are far more assimilated into Western culture than other indigenous groups.
C) They have a large and ethnically diverse population.
D) They are able to communicate in Spanish and English, unlike other Amazonian groups.

Question 34

What research methods do most environmental anthropologists use at the local level?

A) ethnographic
B) archaeological
C) genetic
D) historical

Question 35

Which creatures provide important clues to forensic anthropologists' investigations?

A) insects
B) bacteria
C) snakes
D) birds

Question 36

Which of the following is an application of applied, or practicing, anthropology?

A) social impact studies
B) describing the art of a society
C) decoding kinship terminologies
D) looking for universal themes in myth

Question 37

Which of the following situations is least likely to put the anthropologist into an ethical dilemma?

A) being invited to work on a project initiated by the affected party
B) getting involved with a change program after problems have arisen
C) being approached by a company after a decision has already been made
D) being assigned to a task force with which the anthropologist fundamentally disagrees

Question 38

Which trait is often emphasized in U.S. businesses?

A) competitiveness
B) formality
C) community-minded
D) traditional

Question 39

Anthropologists, environmentalists, and the Haitian people all agree that __________ is desperately needed in Haiti; determining how to enact this change is more difficult.

A) reforestation
B) contraception
C) universal education
D) malaria prophylaxis

Question 40

What is the central role of museum anthropologists, regardless of their positions?

A) public education
B) fund-raising
C) scholarship
D) policy making

Question 41

What is the most important contribution of anthropology to international business?

A) explaining cultural variation in communication
B) helping with the adjustment in time zones and business hours
C) understanding the relative value of different economic systems
D) knowing what to wear to a business meeting

Question 42

How does the field of museum anthropology exemplify applied anthropology's role in public education?

Question 43

Why are ethical responsibilities often so complicated with applied anthropology?

A) Anthropology often deals with planning and implementing change in some population.
B) Anthropologists deal in particularly controversial subjects, such as evolution and climate change.
C) The anthropologist's ethical responsibilities are dependent on the ethics of the focal population.
D) Anthropologists' actions are primarily restricted by their funding bodies.

Question 44

With which subfield of anthropology does the applied field of business anthropology have the most in common?

A) ethnography
B) physical anthropology
C) paleoanthropology
D) archaeology

Question 45

Imagine that you are an anthropologist hired to liaise between a tungsten mining operation (which provides materials for cell phones) and the local people in the Congo basin. Discuss the ethical considerations of your involvement in this situation. To whom are you most responsible?

Question 46

What did the Field Museum bring to Chicago school students with its Maori meeting house display?

A) a space to discuss difficult issues in a context of mutual respect
B) a performance space to present issues of importance to the students
C) an area to learn about Pacific health care practices
D) a place to express themselves through traditional Maori artistic means

Question 47

What is one of the most important steps in developing an effective project?

A) understanding why previous projects failed
B) forcing the project on the local people through economic sanctions
C) raising support for the project from sponsors
D) implementing the project slowly and gradually

Question 48

How is CRM linked with the new area of public archaeology?

A) Because most CRM work is done with public money, it is important that the public benefits from the archaeological research.
B) CRM is a dying field, which is being replaced by the new area of public archaeology.
C) Public archaeology funds CRM work, which is then carried into more academic archaeology.
D) Because CRM is usually salvage work, someone must ensure that the results are analyzed by universities.

Question 49

How has the role of anthropologists as collaborators or advocates changed over the years? Give specific examples.

Question 50

What is the ethical difficulty involved in many development projects?

A) Some lives may be improved while others are worsened.
B) One cannot implement the improvements for everyone at the same time.
C) Development projects only benefit those in wealthy nations.
D) There is no evidence of benefit from development projects, but people request them anyway.

Question 51

What criticism has been aimed at anthropologists acting as advocates for people who have been relocated?

A) Critics are concerned that the advocates only represent one point of view.
B) Some argue that the anthropologists are romanticizing indigenous lifestyles.
C) Critics believe that the anthropologists have unreasonable expectations.
D) Some feel that the advocates are too politicized to be effective.

Question 52

Forensic anthropology is relatively well-known to the general public. Why does solving crimes and identifying human remains require a background in anthropology? What does anthropology bring to law enforcement?

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true regarding implementing planned change in a community?

A) The benefits of programs are often obvious, but figuring out how to bring about the change is more difficult.
B) It is often obvious how to bring about change, but determining what type of change is needed is more difficult.
C) The local people are generally far more involved in implementing change than anthropologists or other interest groups.
D) Anthropologists and other interest groups are generally far more involved in implementing change than the local people.

Question 54

How does a "top down" approach differ from policy changes based on community participation? How do environmental anthropologists approach change programs?

Question 55

How is environmental anthropology a response to existing environmental policies?

A) There is increasing recognition that environmental policies imposed from the top down are unlikely to work.
B) There are few environmental policies in the developing world, so anthropologists are needed to apply Western policies to new communities.
C) Existing environmental policies are culturally discriminatory, and anthropologists are involved to reduce this bias.
D) There is evidence that environmental change is more likely to be successful if it is initiated by an outsider.