Deck 42: Animal Development

Question 1

Gastrulation produces ____.

A) ​hollow balls of cells
B) ​embryos with three primary tissue layers
C) ​solid balls of cells
D) ​specific organs
E) ​dead tissue

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which stage of development carves up the zygote's cytoplasm?

A) ​gamete formation
B) ​cleavage
C) ​gastrulation
D) ​organ formation
E) ​tissue specialization

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which embryonic tissue is incorrectly associated with its derivative?

A) ​skin; ectoderm
B) ​nervous system; ectoderm
C) ​liver; endoderm
D) ​circulatory system; mesoderm
E) ​brain; mesoderm

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The letter "C" in the accompanying figure represents ____.

A) ectoderm​
B) ​endoderm
C) ​mesoderm
D) ​neural plate
E) ​yolk

Question 5

The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating frog development.
In amphibians, a pigmented area called the ____ appears after fertilization.

A) ​gray matter
B) ​gray crescent
C) ​blastomere
D) ​cleavage plane
E) ​gray oocyte

Question 6

Four of the following are characteristic of morphogens. Which one is the exception?

A) ​They are long-range signals in pattern formation.
B) ​They are encoded by master genes.
C) ​They affect gene splicing.
D) ​Their concentration decreases with distance from source.
E) ​They affect development.

Question 7

Four of the following can cause birth defects. Which one is the exception?

A) ​tobacco
B) ​alcohol
C) ​poor nutrition
D) ​rubella
E) ​folic acid

Question 8

Which of the following is the first stage in reproduction and development?

A) ​cleavage
B) ​gamete formation
C) ​gastrula formation
D) ​zygote formation
E) ​blastula formation

Question 9

About half of all miscarriages are caused by ____.

A) ​chromosomal abnormalities
B) ​alcohol use during pregnancy
C) ​cleft palate
D) ​tobacco use during pregnancy
E) ​illegal drug use during pregnancy

Question 10

Select the correct sequence of animal developmental events.

A) ​fertilization → cleavage → gastrula → blastula
B) ​fertilization → cleavage → blastula → gastrula
C) ​fertilization → blastula → cleavage → gastrula
D) ​fertilization → gastrula → blastula → cleavage
E) ​fertilization → blastula → gastrula → cleavage

Question 11

The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating frog development.
Cleavage is indicated by the letter ____.

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​E

Question 12

Different cell lineages express different subsets of genes, resulting in _____.

A) ​epigenetics
B) ​selective genetics
C) ​differentiation
D) ​morphogenic
E) ​assimilation

Question 13

The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating frog development.
Organ formation is occurring at ____.

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​E

Question 14

Four of the following have radial cleavage patterns. Which one is the exception?

A) ​snails
B) ​salamanders
C) ​earthworms
D) ​sea stars
E) ​mammals

Question 15

The process that causes embryonic cells to produce signals that alter the behavior of neighboring cells is known as ____.

A) ​contact inhibition
B) ​ooplasmic localization
C) ​embryonic induction
D) ​pattern formation
E) ​gene splicing

Question 16

The bicoid protein of a fruit fly is an example of _____.

A) ​embryonic induction
B) ​epigenetics
C) ​differentiation
D) ​amorphogen
E) ​assimilation

Question 17

An evolutionary model of animal development indicates that _____.

A) ​differentiation is positional within a zygote
B) ​homeotic genes are not universal among animals
C) ​homeotic genes are found only in fruit flies, where they are responsible for odd placement of appendages
D) ​new genetic lines are produced less by modification than by unique mutation
E) ​somitesform as blocks of genes in cells randomly distributed throughout the body

Question 18

The letter "A" in the accompanying figure represents ____.

A) ​ectoderm
B) ​endoderm
C) ​mesoderm
D) ​neural plate
E) ​yolk

Question 19

Without _____, humans might have a tail.

A) ​differentiation
B) epigenetics
C) ​cell migrations
D) ​apoptosis
E) ​the maternal gene effect

Question 20

The zygote goes through ____ to become a(n) ____.

A) ​cleavage; blastula
B) ​cleavage; gastrula
C) ​zygote formation; embryo
D) ​cleavage; egg
E) ​fertilization; blastula

Question 21

Labor preceding birth _____.

A) ​is a positive feedback loop
B) ​is a negative feedback loop
C) ​is influenced by prolactin
D) ​proceeds at a regular pace
E) ​stabilizes hormonal balance

Question 22

The pre-natal period begins with the ____.

A) ​zygote
B) ​blastocyst
C) ​embryo
D) ​fetus
E) ​infant

Question 23

Use the figure above showing human embryonic developmental day 14 to answer the following questions.
The human brain is fully functional by the end of the ____.

A) ​first trimester
B) ​third month
C) ​third trimester
D) ​ninth month
E) ​seventh month

Question 24

During days 8 and 9 after fertilization in humans, ____.

A) ​amnion cleavage begins
B) ​a blastocyst forms
C) ​an embryonic disk is formed
D) ​implantation occurs
E) ​gastrulationoccurs

Question 25

The female hormone that participates in milk production is _____ and the hormone that facilitates delivery is _____.

A) ​prolactin; oxytocin
B) ​prolactin; estrogen
C) ​prolactin; progesterone
D) ​oxytocin; estrogen
E) ​oxytocin; progesterone

Question 26

Organs form and begin to function during the ____ period.

A) ​embryonic
B) ​amniotic
C) ​fetal
D) ​chorionic
E) ​gastrulation

Question 27

In humans, the term embryo refers to the following period of time: ____.

A) ​from the ninth week after fertilization until birth
B) ​from the eighth week after fertilization until birth
C) ​from fertilization until the ninth week after fertilization
D) ​from 2 to 10 weeks after fertilization
E) ​from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization

Question 28

Which human extraembryonic membrane forms the blood vessels of the umbilical cord?

A) ​amnion
B) ​yolk sac
C) ​chorion
D) ​allantois
E) ​protein coat

Question 29

Which of the following may contribute to pregnancy problems?

A) ​taking naps
B) ​being active
C) ​being over 30
D) ​having dietary deficiencies
E) ​having limited protein intake

Question 30

Exposure to a teratogen during pregnancy can result in ____.

A) ​decreased risk of miscarriage
B) ​newborns of higher birth weight
C) ​reduced vitamin C levels for the mother-to-be and for her fetus
D) ​fetal facial and cranial deformities
E) ​increased risk of rubella

Question 31

By the eighth week of human fetal development, ____.

A) ​the embryo does not look human yet
B) ​the neural tube has just begun to differentiate
C) ​upper and lower limbs have formed, but individual fingers and toes have not begun to differentiate
D) ​male or female reproductive structures have not started to form yet
E) ​male or female reproductive structures are forming

Question 32

Use the figure above showing human embryonic developmental day 14 to answer the following questions.
The chorionic cavity is indicated by ____.

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​E

Question 33

In the placenta, nutrients move from mother to baby by ____.

A) ​activated transport
B) ​the Rh factor
C) ​transport proteins
D) ​simple diffusion
E) ​HCG

Question 34

Fertilization typically occurs in the ____.

A) ​ovary
B) ​oviduct
C) ​uterus
D) ​cervix
E) ​vagina

Question 35

During pregnancy, a maternal antibody transported across the placenta to the fetal bloodstream can cause a problem if the mother ____.

A) ​has passed on any teratogens
B) ​and baby have different Rh factors
C) ​is producing HCG
D) ​smokes during pregnancy
E) ​uses alcohol during pregnancy

Question 36

Adequate intake of ____ by a mother-to-be before and during early pregnancy may reduce the risk of spina bifida and other serious neural tube defects.

A) ​carbohydrates
B) ​folic acid
C) ​calcium
D) ​vitamin C
E) ​sodium

Question 37

Human milk contains _____.

A) ​calcium only
B) ​antibodies only
C) ​calcium and protein, but not antibodies
D) ​sugar and calcium, but not protein
E) ​calcium, antibodies, sugar, and protein

Question 38

Use the figure above showing human embryonic developmental day 14 to answer the following questions.
Which of the following structures represents the yolk sac?

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​E

Question 39

The hormone ____ is involved in a positive feedback cycle that results in strong uterine contractions during labor.

A) ​estrogen
B) ​oxytocin
C) ​cortisol
D) ​progesterone
E) ​prolactin

Question 40

The placenta ____.

A) ​forms from endometrial and extraembryonic tissues
B) ​will cover about one-half of the inner uterine surface at full term
C) ​intermingles fetal blood with maternal blood
D) ​secretes only estrogen to maintain the uterine lining during the second and third trimesters
E) ​secretes only progesterone to maintain the uterine lining during the second and third trimesters

Question 41

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
controlled cell death

Question 42

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
It forms between the other two primary tissue layers.

Question 43

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
differentiation

Question 44

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
These are the source of most bones and the skeletal muscle of the head and trunk.

Question 45

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
gastrulation

Question 46

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
cleavage

Question 47

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
animal pole

Question 48

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.​
a.​zygote
b.​blastula
c.​cleavage
d.​gastrula
e.​somites
This is the fertilized egg.

Question 49

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.​
a.​zygote
b.​blastula
c.​cleavage
d.​gastrula
e.​somites
This is the division of the zygote.

Question 50

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
gastrula

Question 51

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
fertilization

Question 52

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.​
a.​zygote
b.​blastula
c.​cleavage
d.​gastrula
e.​somites
Its cellular descendents give rise to all tissue and organs.

Question 53

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
This is the first primary tissue layer to form.

Question 54

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
These reorganize themselves into the gastrula.

Question 55

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.​
a.​zygote
b.​blastula
c.​cleavage
d.​gastrula
e.​somites
This stage appears as a multicelled, fluid-filled ball.

Question 56

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.​
a.​zygote
b.​blastula
c.​cleavage
d.​gastrula
e.​somites
Cleavage produces a(n) __________ stage embryo.

Question 57

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.​
a.​zygote
b.​blastula
c.​cleavage
d.​gastrula
e.​somites
This is a longitudinal series of paired segments.

Question 58

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
embryonic induction

Question 59

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
This starts the gut's inner lining.

Question 60

Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.​
a.​somites
b.​blastomeres
c.​ectoderm
d.​mesoderm
e.​endoderm
gray crescent

Question 61

Nutrients and antibodies move across the placenta from mother to embryo or fetus, as do __________, which can cause birth defects.

Question 62

__________ regulates the maturation of the mammary glands, and then oxytocin causes __________.

Question 63

__________, products of master genes, act as long-range signals that diffuse out from a source and form a concentration gradient.

Question 64

What would happen if human chorionic gonadotropin levels did not rise adequately during pregnancy?

Question 65

A woman has discovered she is pregnant. What should she avoid to reduce the risk of injuring the fetus or having a miscarriage?

Question 66

Diffusion of morphogens influence the differential expression of other genes such as __________, which govern the formation of specific body parts.

Question 67

During gastrulation, three tissue layers form: the outer __________, the inner __________, and the __________ in between the first two layers.

Question 68

__________ results in an early embryo that has three primary tissue layers.

Question 69

Is a mutation more likely to be lethal if it impacts early or late stages in development? Explain your answer.

Question 70

During implantation, the __________ buries itself in the uterine wall.

Question 71

Gastrulation is controlled by signal-sending cells that cause movement of neighboring cells, a process called __________.

Question 72

What unusual features would be found on the newborn if human embryos did not experience apoptosis?